Abstract
The Upper Brahmaputra River Basin is prone to natural disasters and environmental stresses (floods, droughts and bank erosion, delayed rainfall, among others) creating an environment of uncertainty and setting the basin back in terms of socio-economic development. The climate change literature shows that agriculture and ecosystems and their services are highly climate sensitive, yet they are the main sources of livelihood that supports a large proportion of residents of the tributaries of the Brahmaputra River Basin. The continuous depletion of ecosystems and loss of agricultural outputs resulting from environmental stressors has a substantial impact on the socio-economic wellbeing of the basins residents, particularly the vulnerable rural poor. This paper uses spatially explicit data from Census, Household Surveys and Earth Observation to develop a transferable methodological approach which investigates the extent of dependence on agriculture and ecosystems as a source of livelihood in the contrasting sub-basins of the Brahmaputra River in the State of Assam, India and Bhutan, and the risk to these livelihood dependencies in these sub-basins due to potential environmental impacts of climate change. The results from this study constitute a case study in the development of a systematic and spatially explicit set of tools that inform and assist policy makers in the appropriate interventions to secure the livelihood benefits of sustainably managed agriculture in the face of environmental change.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alam M, Murray LA (2005) Facing up to climate change in South Asia. GATEKEEPERS SERIES 118, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London
Bhowmick BC, Barah BC, Pandey S, Barthakur N (2005) Changing pattern of rice production systems and echnology in Assam: a spatio-temporal analysis of performance and prospects. Policy Paper 22, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi
Biswas AK (1986) Forestry and forest management in Bhutan. Resour Policy 12:145–148
Brenkert A, Malone E (2005) Modelling vulnerability and resilience to climate change: a case study of India and Indian States. Clim Chang 72:57–102. doi:10.1007/s10584-005-5930-3
Das DN (2002) Fish farming in rice environments of North Eastern India. Aquacult Asia 7:43–47
Gadgil S, Kumar KR (2006) The Asian monsoon—agriculture and economy. In: Wang B (ed) The Asian Monsoon. Springer, Berlin, pp 651–683
Government of India (2009) Organisational structure of Government of India: second administrative reforms commission. Government of India, New Delhi. http://darpg.nic.in/darpgwebsite_cms/Document/file/org_structure_gov13.pdf
Homer-Dixon TF (1994) Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases. Int Security 19:5–40
Huq S, Reid H (2005) Climate change and development: consultation on key researchable issues. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00009.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2011
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) Climate change 2001: synthesis report. World Meteorological Organization, UN Environment Programme, Geneva
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001b) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution to the Working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (2010) Gender Perspectives in Mountain Development: new challenges and innovative approaches. For Mountains and People No 57. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu. http://books.icimod.org/uploads/tmp/icimod-gender_perspectives_in_mountain_development.pdf. Accessed 14 March 2011
Jones B, Andrey J (2007) Vulnerability index construction: methodological choices and their influence on identifying vulnerable neighborhoods. IJEM 4:269–295
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends, Volume 1. Island Press, Washington
National Statistics Bureau (2004) Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan 2004. Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu
O’Brien KL, Leichenko RM (2000) Double exposure: assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. Global Environ Change 10:221–232
Office of the Census Commissioner (2006) Results of population and housing census of Bhutan 2005. KUENSEL Corporation Ltd, Thimphu
Office of the Registrar General (2009) Census of India 2011 – Circular No. 5: Assigning of location code numbers at various administrative levels. Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi
O’Neil BC, MacKellar FL, Lutz W (2001) Population and climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Planning Commission (2002) Assam Development Report. Union Planning Commission and Government of Assam, New Delhi
Policy and Planning Division (2004) Central plan for the 9th five year plan (2002–2007). Education Department, Policy and Planning Division, Thimphu
Rasul G, Chettri N, Sharma E (2011) Framework for valuing ecosystem services in the Himalayas. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu. http://books.icimod.org/index.php/downloads/publication/745. Accessed 10 April 2012
Reuveny R (2007) Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Polit Geogr 26:656–673
Roder W, Nidup K, Wangdi S (2007) Marketing Bhutanese potato: experiences, challenges and opportunities. CIP/CFC/BPDP Working paper series No. 4, Department of Agriculture, Thimphu
Sarma SK, Saikia M (2010) Utilisation of wetland resources by the rural people of Nagaon district, Assam. Indian J Tradit Know 9(1):145–151
Sharma N, Amoako Johnson F, Hutton CW, Clark M (2010) Hazard, vulnerability and risk on the Brahmaputra Basin: a case study of river bank erosion. OHJ 4:211–226
Shrivastava RJ, Heinen JT (2005) Migration and home gardens in the Brahmaputra valley, Assam, India. JEA 9:20–34
Social Disadvantage Research Centre (2003) Scottish indices of deprivation 2003. Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Oxford, Oxford
Swain A (1996) Displacing the conflict: environmental destruction in Bangladesh and ethnic conflict in India. J Peace Res 3:189–204
Thangaratinam S, Redman CWE (2005) The delphi technique. TOG 7:120–125
Tobgay S (2005) Small farmers and the food system in Bhutan. Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu. http://www.moa.gov.bt/moa/downloads/downloadFiles/MoADownload4qv3907zl.pdf. Accessed 14 March 2011
Tshering K (2009) Agriculture and usage of natural resources in Bhutan. J Fac Agric Shinshu Uni 45:33–42
Wangchuk S (2007) Maintaining ecological resilience by linking protected areas through biological corridors in Bhutan. Trop Ecol 48:176–187
Young LJ (1991) Agricultural changes in Bhutan: some environmental questions. Geogr J 157:172–178
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of a Special Issue on “Climate change and adaptation in tropical basins” edited by Pierre Girard, Craig Hutton, and Jean-Phillipe Boulanger.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Amoako Johnson, F., Hutton, C.W. Dependence on agriculture and ecosystem services for livelihood in Northeast India and Bhutan: vulnerability to climate change in the Tropical River Basins of the Upper Brahmaputra. Climatic Change 127, 107–121 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0573-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0573-7