Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Adaptation and Validation of the Subjective Risk Intelligence Scale for Italian Adolescents (SRIS-A)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Subjective Risk Intelligence (SRI) is the ability to consider risky and uncertain situations as opportunities rather than threats. SRI is constituted by four dimensions: attitude toward uncertainty, imaginative capability, problem solving self-efficacy and stress management. Adolescence is a period in life in which individuals face crucial life-tasks, that nowadays become complex due to uncertainty about future life and career. The present study aims to adapt the Subjective Risk Intelligence Scale (SRIS-A) for use with adolescences and examine its factor structure, psychometric properties, and relationships with related constructs (coping strategies, problem solving self-efficacy and courage). Participants were 641 Italian adolescents, balanced by gender. The results of the study showed that the suggested four-dimension scale structure adequately explained item correlations. Further, adequate reliability, construct validity and measurement invariance by gender were supported, suggesting that SRIS-A has adequate concurrent and convergent validity. Suggestions for further studies of SRI during adolescence using the SRIS-A are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Deck C, Lee J, Reyes J, Rosen C (2008). Measuring risk attitudes controlling for personality traits. Economics Research Working Paper Series, 46. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/economics_wps/4

  2. Fuller A, Paton K (2008) Barriers to participation in higher education? Depends who you ask and how. Widening Partic Lifelong Learn 10:6–17

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bernstein PL (1996) Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lion R, Meertens R, Bot I (2002) Priorities in information desire about unknown risks. Risk Anal 22:765–776

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. De Masi F (2016) Prefazione. In: Craparo G (ed) Elogio dell’incertezza. Mimesis, Milano, pp 9–14

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hodgkinson GP, Sparrow PR (2002) The competence organization: A psychological analysis of the strategic management process. Open University Press, Buckingham

    Google Scholar 

  7. Puglisi M, Fasone V, Pedrini G, Gervasi D, Faldetta G (2021) Using a dual system of reasoning in small businesses: entrepreneurial decisions and subjective risk intelligence. Int Entrep Manag J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-021-00762-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Weber EU (2010) Risk attitude and preference. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 1:79–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zuckerman M, Kuhlman DM (2000) Personality and risk-taking: common biosocial factors. J Pers 68:999–1029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Caliendo M, Fossen F, Kritikos A (2014) Personality characteristics and the decision to become and stay self-employed. Small Bus Econ 42:787–814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Crocetti E, Palmonari A, Pojaghi B (2011) Work identity, wellbeing, and time perspective of typical and atypical young workers. In: Cortini M, Tanucci G, Morin E (eds) Boundaryless careers and occupational well-being. An interdisciplinary approach. Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmills, England, pp 181–190

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cantor N, Norem JK, Niedenthal PM, Langston CA, Brower AM (1987) Life tasks, self-concept ideals, and cognitive strategies in a life transition. J Pers Soc Psychol 53(6):1178–1191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Arnett JJ (1999) Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered. Am Psychol 54:317–326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Chassin L, DeLucia C (1996) Drinking during adolescence. Alcohol Res 20:175–180

    Google Scholar 

  15. Mata R, Josef AK, Hertwig R (2016) Propensity for risk taking across the life span and around the globe. Psychol Sci 27(2):231–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gullone E, Moore S (2000) Adolescent risk-taking and the five-factor model of personality. J Adolesc 23:393–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Silbereisen RK, Noack P (1988) On the constructive role of problem behaviour in adolescence/ childhood. In: Bolger N, Caspi A, Downey G, Moorehouse M (eds) Person and context: developmental process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chassin L, Presson CC, Sherman S (1989) Constructive vs destructive deviance in adolescent health-related behaviours. J Youth Adolesc 18:245–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Moore S, Gullone E (1996) Predicting adolescent risk behavior using a personalized cost-benefit analysis. J Youth Adolesc 25:343–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Evans D (2012) Risk Intelligence. Atlantic Books, London, How to live with uncertainty

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Craparo G, Magnano P, Paolillo A, Costantino V (2018) The Subjective Risk Intelligence scale. The development of a new scale to measure a new construct. Curr Psychol 37:966–981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Perdue K (2003). Imagination. The Chicago school of media theory. Retrieved July 16, 2011, from http://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/mediatheory/keywords/imagination/

  23. Heath G (2008) Exploring the imagination to establish frameworks for learning. Stud Philos Educ 27:115–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Chiu C (2015) Improving your creative potential without awareness: Overinclusive thinking training. Think Skills Creat 15:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Finke RA (1996) Imagery, creativity, and emergent structure. Conscious Cogn 5:381–393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. White AR (1990) The language of imagination. Blackwell, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kurtzman KA (1967) A study of school attitudes, peer acceptance, and personality of creative adolescents. Except Child 34:157–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ekstrom RB, French JW, Harman HH, Dermen D (1976) Manual for Kit of Factor-Referenced Cognitive Tests. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  29. Tyagi V, Hanoch Y, Hall SD, Runco M, Denham SL (2017) The risky side of creativity: domain specific risk taking in creative individuals. Front Psychol 8:145

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Blais AR, Weber EU (2006) A Domain-specific risk taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgm Decis Mak 1:33–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Guilford JP (1967) The Nature of Human Intelligence. McGrawHill, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bowden EM, Jung-Beeman M (2003) Normative data for 144 compound remote associate problems. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 35:634–639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Carson SH, Peterson JB, Higgins DM (2005) Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the creative achievement questionnaire. Creat Res J 17:37–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Runco MA, Plucker JA, Lim W (2001) Development and psychometric integrity of a measure of ideational behavior. Creat Res J 13:393–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Gough HG (1979) A creative personality scale for the adjective check list. J Pers Soc Psychol 37:1398–1405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Moon J (2020) Effect of emotional intelligence and leadership styles on risk intelligent decision making and risk management. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 11:71–81

    Google Scholar 

  37. Heilman RM, Crisan LG, Houser D, Miclea M, Miu AC (2010) Emotion regulation and decision making under risk and uncertainty. Emotion 10:257–265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG (2007) The affect heuristic. Eur J Oper Res 177:1333–1352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bradley MM, Lang PJ (2007) Emotion and motivation. In: Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson GG (eds) Handbook of psychophysiology. Cambridge University Pres, Cambridge, pp 581–607

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Loewenstein GF, O’Donoghue T (2004) Animal spirits: affective and deliberative processes in economic behavior. SSRN J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.539843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR (2000) Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 10:295–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kopp CB (1982) Antecedents of self-regulation: a developmental perspective. Dev Psychol 18:199–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Zimmerman BJ (2000) Self-efficacy: an essential motive to learn. Contemp Educ Psychol 25:82–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Raffaelli M, Crockett LJ (2003) Sexual risk taking in adolescence: the role of selfregulation and attraction to risk. Dev Psychol 39:1036–1046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Crockett L, Raffaelli M, Shen Y (2006) Linking self-regulation and risk proneness to risky sexual behavior: pathways through peer pressure and early substance use. J Res Adolesc 16:503–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Bandura A (1998) Personal and collective efficacy in human adaptation and change. In: Adair JG, Belanger D, Dion KL (eds) Advances in psychological science: Personal, social and cultural aspects, vol 1. Psychology Press, Hove, UK, pp 51–71

    Google Scholar 

  47. Jerusalem M, Drössler S, Kleiner D, Klein-Heßling J, Mittag W, Röder B (2009) Förderung von Selbstwirksamkeit und Selbstbestimmung im Unterricht. Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer- und Schülermerkmalen [Fostering self-efficacy and self-determination in instruction: Scales for measuring teacher and student characteristics]. Retrieved on 17.07.2014 from https://www.erziehungswissenschaften.huberlin.de/paedpsych/forschung/Skalenbuch_FoSS.pdf.

  48. Pastorelli C, Vecchio GM, Boda G (2001) Autoefficacia nelle life skills: soluzione dei problemi e comunicazione interpersonale. In: Caprara GV (ed) La Valutazione dell’Autoefficacia. Erickson, Trento, pp 137–146

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jaffee WB, D’Zurilla TJ (2003) Adolescent problem solving, parent problem solving, and externalizing behavior in adolescents. Behav Ther 34:295–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Hofstede G (1991) Empirical models of cultural differences. In: Bleichrodt N, Drenth PJD (eds) Contemporary issues in cross-cultural psychology. Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, pp 4–20

    Google Scholar 

  51. Halevy Y (2007) Ellsberg revisited: an experimental study. Econometrica 75:503–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Abdellaoui M, Baillon A, Placido L, Wakker P (2011) The rich domain of uncertainty. Am Econ Rev 101:695–723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. van den Bos W, Hertwig R (2017) Adolescents display distinctive tolerance to ambiguity and to uncertainty during risky decision making. Sci Rep 7:409–462

    Google Scholar 

  54. Magnano P, Craparo G, Paolillo A, Costantino V (2016) La Risk Intelligence: un nuovo costrutto per il career counseling. In: Soresi S, Nota L, Ginevra MC (eds) Il Counselling in Italia: funzioni, criticità, prospettive ed applicazioni. CLEUP, Padova, pp 247–261

    Google Scholar 

  55. Norton PJ, Weiss BJ (2009) The role of courage on behavioral approach in a fear-eliciting situation: A proof-of-concept pilot study. J Anxiety Disord 23:212–217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Magnano P, Lodi E, Zammitti A, Patrizi P (2021) Courage, career adaptability, and readiness as resources to improve well-being during the University-to-Work Transition in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:2919

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Ginevra MC, Santilli S, Camussi E, Magnano P, Capozza D, Nota L (2020) The Italian adaptation of courage measure. Int J Educ Vocat Guid 20:457–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Howard MC, Alipour KK (2014) Does the courage measure really measure courage? A theoretical and empirical evaluation. J Posit Psychol 9:449–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Sirigatti S, Stefanile C (2009). CISS—Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation. Stanrdizzazione e validazione italiana. Giunti O.S. Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze.

  60. Endler NS, Parker JDA (1999) Coping inventory for stressful situations (CISS): Manual, 2nd edn. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lazarus RS, Folkman S (1984) Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  62. Carver CS, Connor-Smith J (2010) Personality and coping. Annu Rev Psychol 61:679–704

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mardia KV (1970) Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika 57:519–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Browne MW (1987) Robustness of statistical inference in factor analysis and related models. Biometrika 74:375–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D (2006). LISREL 8.80 for Windows; Computer Software; Scientific Software International: Skokie, IL, USA.

  66. Byrne BM (2001) Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. Int J Test 1:55–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2013) Using multivariate statistics, 6th edn. Pearson, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  68. Schermelleh-Engel K, Moosbrugger H, Müller H (2003) Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Psychol Res Online 8:23–74

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling 6:1–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Jöreskog K, Long JS (1993) Introduction. In: Bollen KA, Long JS (eds) Testing structural equation models. SAGE Publications, Newbury Park, CA, pp 294–325

    Google Scholar 

  71. Bentler PM (1990) Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol Bull 107:238–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Brown MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS (eds) Testing structural equations models. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp 136–162

    Google Scholar 

  73. Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2004) Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol Methods Res 33:261–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Raykov T (1998) Coefficient alpha and composite reliability with interrelated nonhomogeneous items. Appl Psychol Meas 22:375–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J Mark Res 18:39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL (1998) Multivariate data analysis. Pearson, Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  77. Traub RE (1994) Reliability for the social sciences: Theory and applications, vol 3. Sage, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  78. Kline PA (1999) Handbook of Psychological Testing, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  79. Milfont TL, Fischer R (2015) Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research. Int J Psychol Res 3:111–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Meredith W, Teresi J (2006) An essay on measurement and factorial invariance. Med Care 44(3):S69–S77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Mullen MR (1995) Diagnosing measurement equivalence in cross-national research. J Int Bus Stud 26:573–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Singh J (1995) Measurement issues in cross-national research. J Int Bus Stud 26:597–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Joreskog KG, Sorbom D (1989) LISREL 7. User’s reference guide. Scientific Software, Mooresville, IN

    Google Scholar 

  84. Byrne BM (2008) Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: a walk through the process. Psicothema 20:872–882

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ercolani AP, Perugini M (1997) La misura in psicologia. Introduzione ai test psicologici. LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano

    Google Scholar 

  86. Netemeyer RG, Bearden WO, Sharma S (2003) Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California

    Book  Google Scholar 

  87. Brunner M, SÜβ HM (2005) Analyzing the reliability of multidimensional measures: an example from intelligence research. Educ Psychol Meas 65:227–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Shapiro SS, Wilk MB (1965) An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52:591–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Tsai KC (2012) Play, imagination, and creativity: a brief literature review. J Educ Learn 1:15–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Pinquart M, Silbereisen RK (2008) Coping with increased uncertainty in the field of work and family life. Int J Stress Manag 15:209–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Skinner EA (2016) The development of coping and regulation: Implications for psychopathology and resilience. In: Cicchetti D (ed) Developmental psychopathology, vol 4, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 485–544

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hillen MA, Gutheil CM, Strout TD, Smets EMA, Han PKJ (2017) Tolerance of uncertainty: conceptual analysis, integrative model, and implications for healthcare. Soc Sci Med 180:62–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Shalley CE, Zhou J, Oldham GR (2004) The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? J Manage 30:933–958

    Google Scholar 

  94. Averill JR (1999) Individual differences in emotional creativity: Structure and correlates. J Pers 67:331–371

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Carson DK, Runco MA (1999) Creative problem solving and problem finding in young adults: Interconnections with stress, hassles, and coping abilities. J Creat Behav 33:167–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Runco MA, Richards R (1998) Eminent creativity, everyday creativity, and health. Ablex, Norwood, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  97. Smith GJW, Van Der Meer G (1990) Creativity in old age. Creat Res J 3:249–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Isaksen CG, Dorval BK, Treffinger DJ (1994) Creative approach to problem solving. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA

    Google Scholar 

  99. Runco MA (1994) Problem finding, problem solving, and creativity. Ablex, Norwood, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  100. Carson DK, Bittner MT, Cameron B, Brown DM, Meyer S (1994) Creative thinking as a predictor of school-aged children’s stress responses and coping abilities. Creat Res J 7:145–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Shondrick DD, Serifica FC, Clark P, Miller KG (1992) Interpersonal problem solving and creativity in boys with and without learning disabilities. Learn Disabil Q 15:95–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Bandura A (1977) Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 84:191–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Bandura A (2006) Adolescent development from an agentic perspective. In: Pajares F, Urdan T (eds) Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents. Information Age, Greenwich, CT, pp 1–43

    Google Scholar 

  104. Cicognani E (2011) Coping strategies with minor stressors in adolescence: Relationships with social support, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. J Appl Soc Psychol 41:559–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Dwyer A, Cummings AL (2001) Stress, self-efficacy, social support, and coping strategies in university students. Can J Counsel 35:208–220

    Google Scholar 

  106. Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK (1989) Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 56:267–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Shen YE (2009) Relationships between self-efficacy, social support and stress coping strategies in Chinese primary and secondary school teachers. Stress Health 25:129–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Hsieh P, Sullivan JR, Sass DA, Guerra NS (2012) Undergraduate engineering students’ beliefs, coping strategies, and academic performance: An evaluation of the theoretical models. J Exp Educ 80:196–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Horwitz AG, Hill RM, King CA (2011) Specific coping behaviors in relation to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. J Adolesc 34:1077–1085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rafnsson FD, Jonsson FH, Windle M (2006) Coping strategies, stressful life events, problem behaviors, and depressed affect. Anxiety Stress Coping 19:241–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Compas BE, Connor-Smith JK, Saltzman H, Thomsen AH, Wadsworth ME (2001) Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychol Bull 127:87–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Daniel SK, Abdel-Baki R, Hall GB (2020) The protective effect of emotion regulation on child and adolescent wellbeing. J Child Fam Stud 29:2010–2027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Magnano P, Paolillo A, Platania S, Santisi G (2017) Courage as a potential mediator between personality and coping. Pers Individ Dif 111:13–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Beck U (1998) Politics of risky society. In: Franklin J (ed) The politics of risk society. Polity Press, Cambridge, pp 9–22

    Google Scholar 

  115. Gould NH (2005) Courage: Its nature and development. J Humanist Educ Dev 44:102–116

    Google Scholar 

  116. Magnano P, Santisi G, Zammitti A, Zarbo R, Di Nuovo S (2019) Self-perceived employability and meaningful work: the mediating role of courage on quality of life. Sustainability 11:764–778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Koerner MM (2014) Courage as identity work: accounts of workplace courage. Acad Manage J 57:63–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Hannah ST, Sweeney PJ, Lester PB (2007) Toward a courageous mindset: The subjective act and experience of courage. J Posit Psychol 2:129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Rate CR, Clarke JA, Lindsay DR, Sternberg RJ (2007) Implicit theories of courage. The J Posit Psychol 2:80–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Lodi E, Zammitti A, Magnano P (2021) Risk intelligence as a resource in career transition: the role of college satisfaction on the visions about future jobs. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 11(3):1030–1043

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Hansen EB, Breivik G (2001) Sensation seeking as a predictor of positive and negative risk behaviour among adolescents. Pers Individ Dif 30:627–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Fischer S, Smith GT (2004) Deliberation affects risk-taking beyond sensation seeking. Pers Individ Dif 36:527–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Wood AP, Dawe S, Gullo MJ (2013) The role of personality, family influences, and prosocial risk-taking behavior on substance use in early adolescence. J Adolesc 36:871–881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Shulman EP, Smith AR, Silva K, Icenogle G, Duell B, Chein J, Steinberg L (2016) The dual systems model: review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation. Dev Cogn Neurosci 17:103–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Do KT, Guassi Moreira JF, Telzer EH (2017) But is helping you worth the risk? Defining prosocial risk taking in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 25:260–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Fryt J, Szczygiel M (2021) Predictors of positive and negative risk-taking in adolescents and young adults: similarities and differences. Eur J Psychol 17:17–30

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Tymula A, Rosenberg-Belmaker LA, Roy AK, Ruderman L, Manson K, Glimcher PW, Levy I (2012) Adolescents’ risktaking behavior is driven by tolerance to ambiguity. PNAS 109:17135–17140

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Luna B, Wright C (2016) Adolescent brain development: Implications for the juvenile criminal justice system. In: Heilbrun K, DeMatteo D, Goldstein NES (eds) APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of psychology and juvenile justice. American Psychological Association, pp 91–116

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  129. Murty VP, Calabro F, Luna B (2016) The role of experience in adolescent cognitive development: integration of executive, memory, and mesolimbic systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 70:46–58

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Romer D, Reyna VF, Satterthwaite T (2017) Beyond stereotypes of adolescent risk-taking: Placing the adolescent brain in developmental context. Dev Cogn Neurosci 27:19–34

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100, Enna, Italy

    Paola Magnano, Maria Guarnera, Stefania Lucia Buccheri, Rita Zarbo & Giuseppe Craparo

Authors
  1. Paola Magnano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maria Guarnera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stefania Lucia Buccheri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rita Zarbo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Giuseppe Craparo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paola Magnano.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Ethical Approval

All the procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Magnano, P., Guarnera, M., Buccheri, S.L. et al. Adaptation and Validation of the Subjective Risk Intelligence Scale for Italian Adolescents (SRIS-A). Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 54, 722–735 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01285-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01285-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation