Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) in a sample of 1,708 Spanish children aged between 8 and 12 years. The SCAS was demonstrated to have satisfactory internal consistency with the Spanish sample, and factor analysis confirmed the six-factor original model. Convergent validity was supported by correlations with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and the welfare dimension of the Child Health and Illness Profile-Children Edition. Low correlations between the SCAS and the Children’s Depression Inventory supported the divergent validity. Analysis suggested that anxiety scores decrease with age, and girls reported higher scores than boys. Overall, the SCAS was shown to have good psychometric properties for use with Spanish children by clinicians and researchers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1997) AACAP official action: practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:69S–84S
Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S (2002) Epidemiology of mood and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. In: Tsuang MT, Tohen M (eds) Textbook in psychiatric epidemiology, 2nd edn. Wiley-Liss, New York
Navarro E, Ibáñez C, Meléndez JC (2006) Una experiencia de intervención en infancia y adolescencia. Boletín de Psicología 88:85–95
Costello EJ, Angold A (1995) Epidemiology. In: March JS (ed) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, vol XVI. Guilford Press, New York
Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erlanki A, Keeler G, Angold A (2003) Prevalence and development of Psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:837–844
Costello EJ, Egger HL, Angold A (2005) The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: phenomenology, prevalence, and comorbidity. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am 14:631–648
Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F (2000) Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in adolescents. J Anxiety Disor 14:263–279
Pollack MH, Otto MW, Sabatino S, Majcher D, Worthington JJ et al (1996) Relationship of childhood anxiety to adult panic disorder: correlates and influence on course. Am J Psychiatry 153:376–381
Chavira DA, Stein MB, Bailey K, Stein MT (2004) Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depress Anxiety 20:155–164
Spence SH (1998) A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behav Res Ther 36:545–566
Spence SH (1997) Structure of abnormal anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. J Abnorm Psychol 106:280–297
Essau CA, Sakano Y, Ishikawa S, Sasagawa S (2004) Anxiety symptoms in Japanese and in German children. Behav Res Ther 42:601–612
Essau CA, Muris P, Ederer EM (2002) Reliability and validity of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale and the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders in German children. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatr 33:1–18
Muris P, Mayer B, Bartelds E, Tierney S, Bogie N (2001) The revised version of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED-R): treatment sensitivity in an early intervention trial for childhood anxiety disorders. Brit J Clin Psychol 40:323–336
Muris P, Schmidt H, Merckelbach H (2000) Correlations among two self-report questionnaires for measuring DSM-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in children: the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders and the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. Pers Indiv Differ 28:333–346
Nauta MH, Scholing A, Rapee RM, Abbott M, Spence SH, Waters A et al (2004) A parent-report measure of children’s anxiety: psychometric properties and comparison with child-report in a clinic and normal sample. Behav Res Ther 42:813–839
Whiteside SP, Brown AM (2008) Exploring the utility of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scales parent and child report forms in a North American sample. J Anxiety Disord 22:1440–1446
Muris P, Schmidt H, Engelbrecht P, Perold M (2002) DSM-IV-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in South African children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41:1360–1368
Ishikawa S, Sato H, Sasagawa S (2009) Anxiety disorder symptoms in Japanese children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 23:104–111
Tortella-Feliu M, Balle M, Servera M, de la Banda G (2005) Psychometric properties of the Catalan version of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS). Psicología Conductual 13:111–123
Mellon RC, Moutavelis AG (2007) Structure, development course, and correlates of children’s anxiety disorder-related behavior in a Hellenic community sample. J Anxiety Disord 21:1–21
Hernández-Guzmán L, Bermúdez-Ornelas G, Spence SH, González MJ, Martínez-Guerrero JI et al (2010) Versión española de la Escala de Ansiedad para Niños de Spence (SCAS). Rev Lat Am Psicol 42:13–24
Ching-hong J, Lau W, Kit-fong T (2011) Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale in a Hong Kong Chinese community sample. J Anxiety Disord 25:584–591
Crane A, Campbell M (2010) Comparación transcultural de síntomas de ansiedad entre niños colombianos y australianos. Electron J Res Educ Psychol 8:497–516
Essau CA, Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous X, Muñoz LC (2011) Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) in Cypriot children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 42:557–568
Essau C, Sasagawa S, Anastassiouu-Hadjicharalambous X, Olaya B, Ollendick TH (2011) Psychometric properties of the spence child anxiety scale with adolescents from five European countries. J Anxiety Disor 25:19–27
Muris P, Merckelbach H, Ollendick T, King N, Bogie N (2002) Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: their reliabilities and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behav Res Ther 40:753–772
Riley AW, Forrest CB, Rebok GW, Starfield B, Green BF et al (2004) The child report form of the CHIP-child edition. Reliability and validity. Med Care 42:221–231
Hambleton RK (2005) Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. In: Hambleton RK, Merenda PF, Spielberger C (eds) Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment. L.E.A, London, pp 3–38
Spielberger CD (1973) Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory for children. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto
Pons-Salvador G, Frías D, Del Barrio MV (1994) Propiedades Psicométricas del state-trait anxiety inventory for chidren (STAIC). Psicológica 15:45–53
Rajmil L, Serra-Sutton V, Alonso J, Herdman M, Riley A, Starfield B (2003) Validity of the Spanish version of the child health and illness profile-adolescent edition (CHIP-AE). Med Care 41:1153–1163
Kovacs M (1992) Children’s depression inventory manual. Multi-Health Systems, New York
Byrne BM, Shavelson RJ, Muthén B (1989) Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: the issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychol Bull 105:456–466
Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE (2000) A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ Res Methods 3:4–70
Méndez X, Orgilés M, Espada JP (2008) Ansiedad por separación: psicopatología, evaluación y tratamiento. Pirámide, Madrid
Orgilés M, Espada JP, García-Fernández JM, Méndez X, Hidalgo MD (2011) Most feared situations related to separation anxiety and characteristics by age and gender in late childhood. Anales de Psicología 27:80–85
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by BANCAJA-UMH Grant (2007–2009) awarded to Mireia Orgilés and National Plan for Research, Development and Technological Innovation Grant (EDU2008-05060) awarded to Xavier Méndez.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Orgilés, M., Méndez, X., Spence, S.H. et al. Spanish Validation of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 43, 271–281 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0265-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0265-y