Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from microcrystalline cellulose, were modified by succinic anhydride to give succinic CNCs (SCNCs). Successful surface modification of SCNCs was confirmed by results of FTIR, FE-SEM, contact angle measurement and dispersity test, and SCNCs were then subjected to melt blending with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) to prepare nanocomposites. Meanwhile, PBS/CNC nanocomposites were also prepared through same procedure as references. The morphology, thermal and mechanical properties and crystallization properties of PBS/SCNC nanocomposites with increasing SCNCs content from 0 to 7 wt% were investigated. PBS/SCNC nanocomposites exhibit better thermal stability than that of PBS/CNCs, which is mainly ascribed to less sulfate groups on CNC surfaces and more hydrogen bond effects between PBS carbonyl groups and ester groups from SCNCs. Young’s modulus and yield strength of PBS/SCNCs are higher than that of PBS/CNC nanocomposites, which is primarily attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of SCNCs in PBS matrix, confirmed by FE-SEM images. This work is valuable for design of PBS-based nanocomposites with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angellier H, Molinaboisseau S, Dufresne A (2005) Mechanical properties of waxy maize starch nanocrystal reinforced natural rubber. Macromolecules 28(38):9161–9170
Aontee A, Sutapun W (2013) Effect of blend ratio on phase morphology and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene and poly (butylene succinate) blend. In: The international conference on multi-functional materials and structures, pp 555–559
Avolio R, Graziano V, Pereira YDF, Cocca M, Gentile G, Errico ME, Ambrogi V, Avella M (2015) Effect of cellulose structure and morphology on the properties of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 133:408–420
Bendahou A, Hajlane A, Dufresne A, Boufi S, Kaddami H (2014) Esterification and amidation for grafting long aliphatic chains on to cellulose nanocrystals: a comparative study. Res Chem Intermed 41:4293–4310
Braun B, Dorgan JR, Hollingsworth LO (2012) Supra-molecular ecobionanocomposites based on polylactide and cellulosic nanowhiskers: synthesis and properties. Biomacromolecules 13(7):2013–2019
Chen S, Cheng L, Huang H, Zou F, Zhao HP (2017) Fabrication and properties of poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites reinforced by waste silkworm silk fabric. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 95:125–131
Content M (1997) Standard test methods of testing cellulose acetate propionate and cellulose acetate. ASTM, West Conshohocken
Coseri S, Biliuta G, Simionescu BC, Stana-Kleinschek K, Ribitsch V, Harabagiu V (2013) Oxidized cellulose—survey of the most recent achievements. Carbohydr Polym 93(1):207–215
Espino-Pérez E, Bras J, Ducruet V, Guinault A, Dufresne A, Domenek S (2013) Influence of chemical surface modification of cellulose nanowhiskers on thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of poly(lactide) based bionanocomposites. Eur Polym J 49(10):3144–3154
Flores ED, Funabashi M, Kunioka M (2009) Mechanical properties and biomass carbon ratios of poly(butylene succinate) composites filled with starch and cellulose filler using furfural as plasticizer. J Appl Polym Sci 112(6):3410–3417
Fortunati E, Armentano I, Iannoni A, Kenny JM (2010) Development and thermal behaviour of ternary PLA matrix composites. Polym Degrad Stab 95(11):2200–2206
Fortunati E, Peltzer M, Armentano I, Torre L, Jiménez A, Kenny JM (2012) Effects of modified cellulose nanocrystals on the barrier and migration properties of PLA nano-biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 90(2):948–956
Fujisawa S, Okita Y, Saito T, Togawa E, Isogai A (2011) Formation of N-acylureas on the surface of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril with carbodiimide in DMF. Cellulose 18(5):1191–1199
Glova AD, Falkovich SG, Larin SV, Mezhenskaia DA, Lukasheva NV, Nazarychev VM, Tolmachev DA, Mercurieva AA, Kenny JM, Lyulin SV (2016) Poly(lactic acid)-based nanocomposites filled with cellulose nanocrystals with modified surface: all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Polym Int 65(8):892–898
Hamad WY, Hu TQ (2010) Structure–process–yield interrelations in nanocrystalline cellulose extraction. Can J Chem Eng 88(3):392–402
Hashaikeh R, Krishnamachari P, Samad Y (2015) Nanomanifestations of cellulose: applications for biodegradable composites. Springer, Berlin
Hu F, Lin N, Chang PR, Huang J (2015) Reinforcement and nucleation of acetylated cellulose nanocrystals in foamed polyester composites. Carbohydr Polym 129:208–215
Jiang F, Esker AR, Roman M (2010) Acid-catalyzed and solvolytic desulfation of H2SO4-hydrolyzed cellulose nanocrystals. Langmuir ACS J Surf Colloids 26(23):17919–17925
Jiménez A, Ruseckaite RA (2007) Binary mixtures based on polycaprolactone and cellulose derivatives. J Therm Anal Calorim 88(3):851–856
Li Y, Fu Q, Ming W, Zeng J (2017) Morphology, crystallization and rheological behavior in poly(butylene succinate)/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites fabricated by solution coagulation. Carbohydr Polym 164:75
Liang Z, Pan P, Zhu B, Dong T, Inoue Y (2010) Mechanical and thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate)/plant fiber biodegradable composite. J Appl Polym Sci 115(6):3559–3567
Liang J, Ding C, Wei Z, Sang L, Song P, Chen G, Chang Y, Xu J, Zhang W (2015) Mechanical, morphology, and thermal properties of carbon fiber reinforced poly(butylene succinate) composites. Polym Compos 36(7):1335–1345
Likittheerakarn S, Kurdpradid S, Smittipornpun N, Sritapunya T (2017) Comparison of mechanical properties of biocomposites between polybutylene succinate/corn silk and polybutylene succinate/cellulose extracted from corn silk. Key Eng Mater 737:275–280
Lin N, Dufresne A (2014) Surface chemistry, morphological analysis and properties of cellulose nanocrystals with gradiented sulfation degrees. Nanoscale 6(10):5384–5393
Lin N, Huang J, Chang PR, Feng J, Yu J (2011) Surface acetylation of cellulose nanocrystal and its reinforcing function in poly(lactic acid). Carbohydr Polym 83(4):1834–1842
Luzi F, Fortunati E, Jiménez A, Puglia D, Pezzolla D, Gigliotti G, Kenny JM, Chiralt A, Torre L (2016) Production and characterization of PLA_PBS biodegradable blends reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals extracted from hemp fibres. Ind Crops Prod 93:276–289
Miao C, Hamad WY (2016) Alkenylation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and their applications. Polymer 101:338–346
Miyata T, Masuko T (1998) Crystallization behaviour of poly(tetramethylene succinate). Polymer 39(6–7):1399–1404
Motte HDL, Hasani M, Brelid H, Westman G (2011) Molecular characterization of hydrolyzed cationized nanocrystalline cellulose, cotton cellulose and softwood kraft pulp using high resolution 1D and 2D NMR. Carbohydr Polym 85(4):738–746
Nagalakshmaiah M, El Kissi N, Dufresne A (2016) Ionic compatibilization of cellulose nanocrystals with quaternary ammonium salt and their melt extrusion with polypropylene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(13):8755–8764
Nampoothiri KM, Nair NR, John RP (2010) An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresour Technol 101(22):8493–8501
Ng HM, Sin LT, Tee TT, Bee ST, Hui D, Low CY, Rahmat AR (2015) Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from plant sources for application as reinforcing agent in polymers. Compos B Eng 75:176–200
Ogawa K, Hirai I, Shimasaki C, Yoshimura T, Ono S, Rengakuji S, Nakamura Y, Yamazaki I (1999) Simple determination method of degree of substitution for starch acetate. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 72(12):2785–2790
Papageorgiou GZ, Bikiaris DN (2005) Crystallization and melting behavior of three biodegradable poly(alkylene succinates). A comparative study. Polymer 46(26):12081–12092
Paralikar SA, Simonsen J, Lombardi J (2008) Poly(vinyl alcohol)/cellulose nanocrystal barrier membranes. J Membr Sci 320(1):248–258
Pinheiro IF, Ferreira FV, Souza DHS, Gouveia RF, Lona LMF, Morales AR, Mei LHI (2017) Mechanical, rheological and degradation properties of PBAT nanocomposites reinforced by functionalized cellulose nanocrystals. Eur Polym J 97:356–365
Poaty B, Vardanyan V, Wilczak L, Chauve G, Riedl B (2014) Modification of cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcement derivatives for wood coatings. Prog Org Coat 77(4):813–820
Ragauskas AJ, Williams CK, Davison BH, Britovsek G, Cairney J, Eckert CA, Frederick WJ Jr., Hallett JP, Leak DJ, Liotta CL (2006) The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science 311(5760):484–489
Shang W, Huang J, Luo H, Chang PR, Feng J, Xie G (2013) Hydrophobic modification of cellulose nanocrystal via covalently grafting of castor oil. Cellulose 20(1):179–190
Silverio HA, Neto WPF, Dantas ON, Pasquini D (2013) Extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from corncob for application as reinforcing agent in nanocomposites. Ind Crops Prod 44(2):427–436
Spinella S, Re GL, Liu B, Dorgan J, Habibi Y, Leclère P, Raquez JM, Dubois P, Gross RA (2015) Polylactide/cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposites: efficient routes for nanofiber modification and effects of nanofiber chemistry on PLA reinforcement. Polymer 65:9–17
Tang Y, Yang S, Zhang N, Zhang J (2014) Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose via low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 21(1):335–346
Vahik K, Pochan D (2004) Unusual crystallization behavior of organoclay reinforced poly(l-lactic acid) nanocomposites. Macromolecules 37(17):6480–6491
Xue MD, Revol JF, Gray DG (1998) Effect of microcrystallite preparation conditions on the formation of colloid crystals of cellulose. Cellulose 5(1):19–32
Zeng RT, Hu W, Wang M, Zhang SD, Zeng JB (2016) Morphology, rheological and crystallization behavior in non-covalently functionalized carbon nanotube reinforced poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites with low percolation threshold. Polym Test 50:182–190
Zhang X, Yong Z (2016) Reinforcement effect of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)-grafted cellulose nanocrystal on toughened PBS/polylactic acid blends. Carbohydr Polym 140:374–382
Zhou M, Li Y, He C, Jin T, Wang K, Fu Q (2014) Interfacial crystallization enhanced interfacial interaction of poly(butylene succinate)/ramie fiber biocomposites using dopamine as a modifier. Compos Sci Technol 91(2):22–29
Zhou L, He H, Li MC, Huang S, Mei C, Wu Q (2018a) Enhancing mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) through its in situ crosslinking with maleic anhydride-modified cellulose nanocrystals from cottonseed hulls. Ind Crops Prod 112:449–459
Zhou L, He H, Li MC, Huang S, Mei C, Wu Q (2018b) Grafting polycaprolactone diol onto cellulose nanocrystals via click chemistry: enhancing thermal stability and hydrophobic property. Carbohydr Polym 189:331–341
Zhu B, Li J, He Y, Osanai Y, Matsumura S, Inoue Y (2003) Thermal and infrared spectroscopic studies on hydrogen-bonding interaction of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)s with natural polyphenol catechin. Green Chem 5(5):580–586
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Zhejiang Sci-Tech University), Education Ministry of China (No. 2017001) and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LQ18E030010).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, C., Zhang, X., Wang, X. et al. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal using succinic anhydride and its effects on poly(butylene succinate) based composites. Cellulose 26, 3167–3181 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02292-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02292-5