Abstract
The N, P, and S cycles in pristine forests are assumed to differ from those of anthropogenically impacted areas, but there are only a few studies to support this. Our objective was therefore to assess the controls of N, P, and S release, immobilization, and transport in a remote tropical montane forest. The study forest is located on steep slopes of the northern Andes in Ecuador. We determined the concentrations of NO3-N, NH4-N, dissolved organic N (DON), PO4-P, dissolved organic P (DOP), SO4-S, dissolved organic S (DOS), and dissolved organic C (DOC) in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, lateral flow (in the organic layer), litter leachate, mineral soil solution, and stream water of three 8–13 ha catchments (1900–2200 m a.s.l.). The organic forms of N, P, and S contributed, on average, 55, 66, and 63% to the total N, P, and S concentrations in all ecosystem fluxes, respectively. The organic layer was the largest source of all N, P, and S species except for inorganic P and S. Most PO4 was released in the canopy by leaching and most SO4 in the mineral soil by weathering. The mineral soil was a sink for all studied compounds except for SO4. Consequently, concentrations of dissolved inorganic and organic N and P were as low in stream water (TDN: 0.34–0.39 mg N l−1, P not detectable) as in rainfall (TDN: 0.39–0.48 mg N l−1, P not detectable), whereas total S concentrations were elevated (stream water: 0.04–0.15, rainfall: 0.01–0.07 mg S l−1). Dissolved N, P, and S forms were positively correlated with pH at the scale of soil peda except inorganic S. Soil drying and rewetting promoted the release of dissolved inorganic N. High discharge levels following heavy rainstorms were associated with increased DOC, DON, NO3-N and partly also NH4-N concentrations in stream water. Nitrate-N concentrations in the stream water were positively correlated with stream discharge during the wetter period of the year. Our results demonstrate that the sources and sinks of N, P, and S were element-specific. More than half of the cycling N, P, and S was organic. Soil pH and moisture were important controls of N, P, and S solubility at the scale of individual soil peda whereas the flow regime influenced the export with stream water.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Alewell M. Mitchell G.E. Likens R. Krouse (1999) ArticleTitleSources of stream sulfate at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: long-term analysis using stable isotopes Biogeochemistry 44 281–299
C.E. Asbury W.H. McDowell R. Trinidad-Pizarro S Berrios (1994) ArticleTitleSolute deposition from cloud water to the canopy of a Puerto Rican montane forest Atmos. Environ. 28 1773–1780 Occurrence Handle10.1016/1352-2310(94)90139-2
H. Balslev B. Øllgaard (2002) Mapa de vegetación del sur de Ecuador M.Z. Aguirre J.E. Madsen E. Cotton H. Balslev (Eds) Botánica Austroecuatoriana. Estudios sobre los recursos vegetales en las provincias de El OroLoja y Zamora-Chinchipe Ediciones Abya-Yala Quito, Ecuador 51–64
B. Bentley (1987) ArticleTitleNitrogen fixation by epiphylls in a tropical rainforest Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 74 234–241
B. Bentley E. Carpenter (1980) ArticleTitleEffects of desiccation and rehydration on nitrogen fixation by epiphylls in a tropical rainforest Microb. Ecol. 6 109–113 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02010549
Beven K.J., Lamb R., Quinn P.F., Romanowicz R. and Freer J. 1995. TOPMODEL. In Singh V.P. (eds) Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology. Water Resour. Publ., pp. 627–668.
V.A. Brown J.J. McDonnell D.A. Burns C. Kendall (1999) ArticleTitleThe role of event watera rapid shallow flow component and catchment size in summer stormflow J. Hydrol. 217 171–190 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00247-9
Bruijnzeel L.A. and Hamilton L.S. 2000. Decision time for cloud forests. IHP Humid Tropics Programme Series no. 13. IHP-UNESCO, Paris, Amsterdam and WWF International, Gland 44 pp.
K.L. Bushaw R.G. Zepp M.A. Tarr D. Schulz-Jander R.A. Bourbonniere E. Hodson W.L. Miller D.A. Bronk M.A. Moran (1996) ArticleTitlePhotochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter Nature 381 404–407 Occurrence Handle10.1038/381404a0
M. Casper (2002) Die Identifikation hydrologischer Prozesse im Einzugsgebiet des Dürreychbaches (Nordschwarzwald) Mitteilungen Inst. f. Wasserwirtschaft u. Kulturtechnik, Univ. Karlsruhe Heft
J. Cavelier M. Jaramillo D. Solis D. León (1997) ArticleTitleWater balance and nutrient inputs in bulk precipitation in tropical montane cloud forests in Panama J. Hydrol. 193 83–96 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03151-4
K.L. Clark N.M. Nadkarni D. Schaefer H.L. Gholz (1998) ArticleTitleAtmospheric deposition and net retention of ions by the canopy in a tropical montane forest Montever de Costa Rica J. Trop. Ecol. 14 27–45
D.S. Coxson (1990) ArticleTitleNutrient release from epiphytic bryophytes in tropical montane rain forest (Guadaloupe) Can. J. Bot. 69 2122–2129
E. Cuevas E. Medina (1986) ArticleTitleNutrient dynamics within Amazonian forests. 2. Growth nutrient availability and leaf litter decomposition Oecologia 76 222–235
W.S. Currie J.D. Aber W.H. McDowell R.D. Boone A.H. Magill (1996) ArticleTitleVertical Transport of dissolved organic C and N under long-term amendments in pine and hardwood forests Biogeochemistry 35 471–505 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02183037
T.J. Eklund W.H. McDowell C.M. Pringle (1997) ArticleTitleSeasonal variation of tropical precipitation chemistry: La SelvaCosta Rica Atmos. Environ. 31 3903–3910 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00246-X
K. Fleischbein (2004) Wasserhaushalt eines Bergwaldes in Ecuador: experimenteller und modell-hafter Ansatz auf Einzugsgebietsebene Justus–Liebig–University of Gießen Germany
K. Fleischbein W. Wilcke R. Goller J. Boy C. Valarezo W. Zech K. Knoblich (2005) ArticleTitleRainfall interception in a lower montane forest in Ecuador: effects of canopy properties Hydrol. Proc. 19 1355–1371 Occurrence Handle10.1002/hyp.5562
M.C. Forti C. Neal (1992) ArticleTitleHydrochemical cycles in tropical rainforests: an overview with emphasis on central Amazonia J. Hydrol. 134 103–115
J.L. Frangi A.E. Lugo (1985) ArticleTitleEcosystem dynamics of a subtropical floodplain forest Ecol. Monogr. 55 351–369
R. Goller W. Wilcke M.J. Leng H.J. Tobschall K. Wagner C. Valarezo W. Zech (2005) ArticleTitleTracing water paths through small catchments under tropical montane rain forest in south Ecuador by an oxygen isotope approach J. Hydrol. 308 67–80 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.10.022
G. Guggenberger K. Kaiser (2003) ArticleTitleDissolved organic matter in soils: challenging the paradigm of sorptive preservation Geoderma 113 293–310 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00366-X
G. Guggenberger W. Zech (1993) ArticleTitleDissolved organic carbon control in acid forest soils of the Fichtelgebirge (Germany) as revealed by distribution patterns and structural composition analyses Geoderma 59 109–129 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0016-7061(93)90065-S
G. Guggenberger B. Glaser W. Zech (1994) ArticleTitleHeavy metal binding by hydrophobic and hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon fractions in a spodosol A and B horizon Water Air Soil Pollut. 72 111–127 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01257119
R. Hafkenscheid (2000) Hydrology and biogeochemistry of tropical montane rain forests of contrasting stature in the Blue Mountains, Jamaica Free University of Amsterdam The Netherlands
F. Hagedorn P. Schleppi P. Waldner H. Flühler (2000) ArticleTitleExport of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from Gleysol dominated catchments – the significance of water flow paths Biogeochemistry 50 137–161
L.O. Hedin J.J. Amesto A.H. Johnson (1995) ArticleTitlePatterns of nutrient loss from unpolluted old-growth temperate forests: evaluation of biochemical theory Ecology 76 493–509
P.S. Homann M.J. Mitchell H. van Miegroet D.W. Cole (1990) ArticleTitleOrganic sulfur in throughfall, stem flow, and soil solutions from temperate forests Can. J. For. Res. 20 1535–1539
J. Homeier (2004) BaumdiversitätWaldstruktur und Wachstumsdynamik zweier tropischer Bergregenwälder in Ecuador und Costa Rica University of Bielefeld Germany
D. Houle R. Carignan R. Ouimet (2001) ArticleTitleSoil organic sulfur dynamics in a coniferous forest Biogeochemistry 53 105–124 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010703511904
W.Z. Huang J.J. Schoenau (1998) ArticleTitleFluxes of water-soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in the forest floor and surface mineral soil of a boreal aspen stand Geoderma 81 251–264 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00092-X
D. Hungerbühler (1997) Neogene basins in the Andes of southern Ecuador: evolution, deformation and regional tectonic implications ETH Zürich
P.M. Jardine G.V. Wilson J.F. McCarthy R.J. Luxmoore D.L. Tayler L.W. Zelazny (1990) ArticleTitleHydrogeochemical processes controlling transport of dissolved organic carbon through a forested hillslope J. Contam. Hydrol. 6 3–19
J.M. Jemison R.H. Fox (1992) ArticleTitleEstimation of zero-tension pan lysimeter collection efficiency Soil Sci. 154 85–94
K. Kaiser G. Guggenberger (2003) ArticleTitleBiogeochemie gelösten organischen Schwefels in zwei Waldökosystemen Mitteilgn. Dtsch. Bodenkundl. Gesellsch. 91 506–509
K. Kaiser W. Zech (1998) ArticleTitleSoil DOM sorption as influenced by organic and sesquioxide coatings and sorbed sulfate Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62 129–136
K. Kaiser G. Guggenberger L. Haumaier (2003) ArticleTitleOrganic phosphorus in soil water under a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand in northeastern Bavaria Germany: seasonal variability and changes with soil depth Biogeochemistry 66 IssueID3 287–310 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:BIOG.0000005325.86131.5f
K. Kaiser G. Guggenberger W. Zech (1996) ArticleTitleSorption of DOM and DOM fractions to forest soils Geoderma 74 281–303 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-7061(96)00071-7
K. Kaiser G. Guggenberger W. Zech (2000) ArticleTitleOrganically bound nutrients in dissolved organic matter fractions in seepage and pore water of weakly developed forest soils Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 28 411–419
K. Kalbitz S. Solinger J.-H. Park B. Michalzik E. Matzner (2000) ArticleTitleControls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils: a review Soil Sci. 165 277–304 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00010694-200004000-00001
K. Kilham (1990) ArticleTitleNitrification in forest soils Plant Soil 128 31–44
I. Kottke A. Beck F. Oberwinkler J. Homeier D. Neill (2004) ArticleTitleArbuscular endomycorrhizas are dominant in the organic soil of a neotropical montane cloud forest J. Trop. Ecol. 20 125–129 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0266467403001020
W.M. Lewis J.M. Melack W.H. McDowell M. McClain J.E. Richey (1999) ArticleTitleNitrogen yields from undisturbed watersheds in the Americas Biogeochemistry 46 149–162 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01007577
G.E. Likens F.H. Bormann (1995) Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem Springer-Verlag New York 159
G.E. Likens J.S. Eaton (1970) ArticleTitleA polyurethane stemflow collector for trees and shrubs Ecology 51 938–939
G.E. Likens E.S. Edgerton J.N. Galloway (1983) ArticleTitleThe composition and deposition of organic carbon in precipitation Tellus 35B 6–24
J. Lilienfein W. Wilcke (2004) ArticleTitleWater and element input into nativeagri- and silvicultural ecosystems of the Brazilian savanna Biogeochemistry 67 183–212 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:BIOG.0000015279.48813.9d
C.R. Lloyd A. de O.F. Marques (1988) ArticleTitleSpatial variability of throughfall and stemflow measurements in Amazonian rain forest Agric. Forest Meteorol. 42 63–73 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0168-1923(88)90067-6
P.A. Matson W.H. McDowell A.R. Townsend P.M. Vitousek (1999) ArticleTitleThe globalization of N deposition: ecosystem consequences in tropical environments Biogeochemistry 46 67–83
E. Matzner (Eds) (2004) Biogeochemistry of Forested Catchments in a Changing Environment. A German Case Study. Ecological Studies 172 Springer-Verlag Berlin
W.H. McDowell (1998) ArticleTitleInternal nutrient fluxes in a Puerto Rican rain forest J. Trop. Ecol. 14 521–536 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0266467498000376
W.H. McDowell (2003) ArticleTitleDissolved organic matter in soils – future directions and unanswered questions Geoderma 113 179–186 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00360-9
W.H. McDowell C.E. Asbury (1994) ArticleTitleExport of carbon, nitrogen, and major ions from three tropical montane watersheds Limnol. Oceanogr. 39 111–125
B. Michalzik E. Matzner (1999) ArticleTitleDynamics of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in a Central European Norway spruce ecosystem Eur. J. Soil Sci. 50 579–590 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00267.x
B. Michalzik K. Küsel S. Solinger E. Matzner (1998) ArticleTitleDynamics of DOC and DON in forest soils Mitteilgn. Dtsch. Bodenk. Gesellsch. 87 225–236
B. Michalzik K. Kalbitz J.-H. Park S. Solinger E. Matzner (2001) ArticleTitleFluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen – a synthesis for temperate forests Biogeochemistry 52 173–205 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006441620810
M.J. Mitchell (2001) ArticleTitleLinkages of nitrate losses in watersheds to hydrological processes Hydrol. Process. 15 3305–3307
M.J. Mitchell M.D. David D.G. Maynard S.A. Telang (1986) ArticleTitleSulfur constituents in soils and streams of a watershed in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta Can. J. For. Res. 16 315–320
A. Möller (2001) Soil organic matter and organic nutrient transformation in soils of the high-lands of northern Thailand University of Bayreuth Germany
P.J. Mulholland G.V. Wilson P.M. Jardine (1990) ArticleTitleHydrogeochemical response of a forested watershed to storms: effects of preferential flow along shallow and deep pathways Water Resour. Res. 26 3021–3036 Occurrence Handle10.1029/90WR01508
J.C. Neff F.S. Chapin P.M. Vitousek (2003) ArticleTitleBreaks in the cycle: dissolved organic nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems Front. Ecol. Environ. 1 IssueID4 205–211
G.G. Parker (1983) ArticleTitleThroughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle Adv. Ecol. Res. 13 57–133
S.S. Perakis L.O. Hedin (2002) ArticleTitleNitrogen loss from unpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds Nature 415 416–419 Occurrence Handle10.1038/415416a
A. Prechtel C. Alewell B. Michalzik E. Matzner (2000) ArticleTitleDifferent effect of drying on the fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from a Norway spruce forest floor J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163 517–521 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1522-2624(200010)163:5<517::AID-JPLN517>3.0.CO;2-7
R.G. Qualls B.L. Haines (1991) ArticleTitleGeochemistry of dissolved organic materials in water percolating through a forest ecosystem Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55 1112–1123
R.G. Qualls B.L. Haines (1992) ArticleTitleBiodegradability of dissolved organic matter in forest throughfall, soil solution, and stream water Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56 578–586
R.G. Qualls B.L. Haines W.T. Swank (1991) ArticleTitleFluxes of dissolved organic nutrients and humic substances in a deciduous forest Ecology 72 254–266
R.G. Qualls B.L. Haines W.T. Swank S.W. Tyler (2002) ArticleTitleRetention of soluble organic nutrients by a forested ecosystem Biogeochemistry 61 135–171 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1020239112586
G.P. Robertson (1982) ArticleTitleNitrification in forested ecosystems Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., Series B 296 445–457
PA Sanchez (1976) Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York 618
I. Savric (2001) Einflussfaktoren auf die Bindung und Mobilität organischer und anor-ganischerStoffe in kontaminierten Rieselfeldböden Berlin University of Technology Germany
J. Schellekens (2000) Hydrological processes in a humid tropical rain forest: a combined experimental and modeling approach Free University of Amsterdam The Netherlands
D.W. Schindler S.E. Bayley P.J. Curtis B.R. Parker M.P. Stainton C.A. Kelly (1992) ArticleTitleNatural and man-caused factors affecting the abundance and cycling of dissolved organic substances in precambrian shield lakes Hydrobiologia 229 1–21
M. Schrumpf (2004) Biogeochemical investigations in old growth and disturbed forest sites at Mount Kilimanjaro University of Bayreuth Germany
P. Sollins G.P. Robertson G. Uehara (1988) ArticleTitleNutrient mobility in variable- and permanent-charge soils Biogeochemistry 6 181–199 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02182995
N.M. Stark C.F. Jordan (1978) ArticleTitleNutrient retention by root mat of an Amazonian rain forest Ecol. 59 434–437
InstitutionalAuthorNameStatSoft Inc. (2000) STATISTICA für Windows Tulsa OklahomaUSA
F.J. Stevenson M.A. Cole (1999) Cycles of Soil. Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur Micronutrients EditionNumber2 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York 427
C.O. Tamm (1991) Nitrogen in Terrestrial Ecosystems Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany
E.M. Thurman (1985) Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters W. Junk Boston, USA
E. Tipping C. Woof E. Rigg A.F. Harrison P. Ineson K. Taylor D. Benham J. Poskitt A.P. Rowland R. Bol D.D. Harkness (1999) ArticleTitleClimatic influences on the leaching of dissolved organic matter from upland UK moorland soils, investigated by a field manipulation experiment Environ. Int. 25 83–95 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0160-4120(98)00098-1
InstitutionalAuthorNameUSDA-NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture – National Resource Conservation Service) (1998) Keys to Soil Taxonomy EditionNumber8 Pocahontas Press Washington, DC
N. Breemen ParticleVan (2002) ArticleTitleNatural organic tendency Nature 415 381–382
E.D. Vance N.M. Nadkarni (1990) ArticleTitleMicrobial biomass and activity in canopy organic matter and the forest floor of a tropical cloud forest Soil Biol. Biochem. 22 677–684 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0038-0717(90)90015-R
G.F. Vance M.B. David (1989) ArticleTitleEffect of acid treatment on dissolved organic carbon retention by a spodic horizon Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53 1242–1247
E.J. Veneklaas (1990) ArticleTitleNutrient fluxes in bulk precipitation and throughfall in two montane tropical rain forests, Colombia J. Ecol. 78 974–992
P.M. Vitousek R.L. Sanford (1986) ArticleTitleNutrient cycling in moist tropical forest Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17 137–167 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.001033
H.L. Whitehead J.H. Feth (1964) ArticleTitleChemical composition of rain, dry fallout and bulk precipitation at Menlo Park, California1957–1959 J. Geophys. Res. 69 3319–3333
W. Wilcke S. Yasin C. Valarezo W. Zech (2001) ArticleTitleChange in water quality during the passage through a tropical montane rain forest in Ecuador Biogeochemistry 55 45–72 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010631407270
W. Wilcke S. Yasin U. Abramowski C. Valarezo W. Zech (2002) ArticleTitleNutrient storage and turnover in organic layers under tropical montane rain forest in Ecuador Eur. J. Soil Sci. 53 15–27 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00411.x
S.M. Wondzell F.J. Swanson (1996) ArticleTitleSeasonal and storm dynamics of the hyporheic zone of a 4th-order mountain stream II: nitrogen cycling J. North Am. Benth. Soc. 15 20–34
S. Yasin (2001) Water and nutrient dynamics in microcatchments under montane rain forest in the South Ecuadorian Andes University of Bayreuth Germany
J.B. Yavitt T.J. Fahey (1986) ArticleTitleLitter decay and leaching from the forest floor in Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) ecosystems J. Ecol. 74 525–545
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goller, R., Wilcke, W., Fleischbein, K. et al. Dissolved Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur forms in the Ecosystem Fluxes of a Montane Forest in Ecuador. Biogeochemistry 77, 57–89 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-1061-1
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-1061-1