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Consumptive and non-consumptive effects of an invasive marine predator on native coral-reef herbivores

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Abstract

Invasive predators typically have larger effects on native prey populations than native predators, yet the potential roles of their consumptive versus non-consumptive effects (CEs vs. NCEs) in structuring invaded systems remains unclear. Invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) may have ecosystem-level effects by altering native fish grazing on benthic algae that could otherwise displace corals. Lionfish could reduce grazing by decreasing the abundance of herbivorous fishes (CEs), and/or the predation risk posed by lionfish could alter grazing behavior of fishes (NCEs). To test for these CEs, we manipulated lionfish densities on large reefs in The Bahamas and surveyed fish populations throughout June 2009–2011. In July 2011, NCEs of lionfish were measured by observing fish grazing behavior on algal-covered substrata placed in microhabitats varying in lionfish presence at different spatial scales, and quantifying any resulting algal loss. Lionfish reduced small herbivorous fish density by the end of the 2010 summer recruitment season. Grazing by small and large fishes was reduced on high-lionfish-density reefs, and small fish grazing further decreased when in the immediate presence of lionfish within-reefs. Lionfish had a negative indirect effect on algal loss, with 66–80 % less algae removed from substrata in high-lionfish-density reefs. Parrotfishes were likely driving the response of herbivorous fishes to both CEs and NCEs of lionfish. These results demonstrate the importance of considering NCEs in addition to CEs of invasive predators when assessing the effects of invasions.

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Acknowledgments

We thank our major advisor M. Hixon for his support and guidance, C. Benkwitt, A. Davis, K. Ingeman, K. Page-Albins, E. Pickering, T. Pusack, W. Raymond, G. Scheer, and L. Tuttle for assistance in the field, and the staff members of the Perry Institute for Marine Science for logistical support. A. Adler compiled the list of length-weight conversion parameters used. In addition, C. Benkwitt, A. Davis, S. Green, M. Hixon, K. Ingeman, and L. Tuttle provided constructive reviews of the manuscript. This study was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) research grants to M. Hixon (OCE-08-51162 and OCE-12-33027) and NSF Graduate Research Fellowships to both authors.

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  1. Tye L. Kindinger

    Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA

  2. Mark A. Albins

    Present address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA

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  1. Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Tye L. Kindinger & Mark A. Albins

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Kindinger, T.L., Albins, M.A. Consumptive and non-consumptive effects of an invasive marine predator on native coral-reef herbivores. Biol Invasions 19, 131–146 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1268-1

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