Abstract
Unnecessary urban disruptions such as mass evacuations, shutdowns of critical and essential services, and prolonged downtime from non-damaging moderate or large-but-distant earthquakes can be extremely costly and dangerous for both individual buildings and the wider community. Underlying causes of unnecessary disruptions are presented, leading to a qualitative risk analysis for Southern Europe and the Middle East region. Potential risk-contributing attributes, such as historical seismicity, population size, local gross domestic product, and concentration of tall (100 m+) buildings, of major metropolitan areas within the study region are tabulated. Observations are made to gain insight into which cities within the studied region could be more at risk for unnecessary urban disruption from non-damaging moderate or large-but-distant earthquakes. With the subject problem well defined, seismic structural health monitoring (SSHM) is presented as a potential solution. The evolution of SSHM is explored while citing examples of commercially available solutions. Outlook on both problem and SSHM solution are offered.
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Appendix
Appendix
Data collected to produce Fig. 2.
Earthquake information | Affected city information | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Event location | Mag | Depth (km) | Affected location | Distance (km) | Population (M) | Refs |
2011–08-23 | Richmond VA, USA | 5.8 | 6 | Washington DC, USA | 126 | 6 | A.1 |
New York City, USA | 432 | 20.1 | A.2 | ||||
Toronto, Canada | 623 | 6 | A.3 | ||||
2013–04-09 | Bushehr, Iran | 6.4 | 12 | Doha, Qatar | 337 | 2 | A.4 |
Abu Dhabi, UAE | 503 | 2.9 | A.5 | ||||
2013–04-16 | Khash, Iran | 7.7 | 80 | Dubai, UAE | 700 | 3.3 | A.6 |
Abu Dhabi, UAE | 816 | 2.9 | |||||
Doha, Qatar | 1045 | 2 | A.7 | ||||
Delhi, India | 1441 | 23 | A.8 | ||||
2014–05-27 | Dibba, Oman | 5.1 | 14.3 | Dubai, UAE | 152 | 3.3 | A.9 |
2017–11-15 | Heung-hai, South Korea | 5.5 | 10 | Seoul, South Korea | 299 | 24.6 | A.10 |
2016–09-01 | Gisborne, New Zealand | 7 | 19 | Auckland, New Zealand | 411 | 1.6 | A.11 |
2017–11-13 | Halabjah, Iraq | 7.3 | 18 | Kuwait City, Kuwait | 588 | 3 | A.12 |
2017–09-07 | Tres Picos, Mexico | 8.2 | 47.4 | Mexico City, Mexico | 688 | 21 | A.13 |
2019–09-26 | Marmara, Turkey | 5.7 | 8 | Istanbul, Turkey | 75 | 14 | A.14 |
2012–05-29 | Northern Italy | 6 | 6.3 | Milan, Italy | 162 | 7.6 | A.15 |
2007–09-12 | Southern Sumatra, Indonesia | 8.4 | 34 | Singapore | 683 | 5.5 | A.16 |
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Skolnik, D., Ciudad-Real, M. Seismic structural health monitoring to prevent unnecessary economic loss from non-damaging earthquakes in European and Middle Eastern cities. Bull Earthquake Eng 20, 4589–4602 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01423-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01423-x