Abstract
The seismic retrofitting of existing multi-storey multi-bay reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings by the conversion of selected bays into new RC infilled walls is the subject of this research work. The contribution of dowels that connect a new RC infill wall to the surrounding existing RC frame members was studied through a parametric study. The parametric study was performed by nonlinear response-history analyses of a finite element (FE) model. A two-dimensional (2D) frame was modeled, and analyses were performed to calibrate it using the experimental results obtained from a full-scale experiment. The description of the experiment, the experimental results, and the FE model simulation of the test specimen are presented in Georgiou et al. (2018), Georgiou et al. (2022) and Kyriakides et al. (2015) along with a comparison between the experimental results and the numerical ones. Based on the experimental results it was concluded that the number of dowels used in the experiment resulted in a monolithic behavior of the RC infilled frame. To complement the experimental results and to study the interaction between RC infills and the bounding frame both at the global and local level, a parametric study was performed by reducing the number of dowels starting from a spacing of 100 mm (monolithic) to no dowels. The numerical results of the parametric study show that the number of dowels used in the experimental study can be reduced significantly making the use of this method more attractive. These results also provide a basis for the development of a general model for the design of RC infills in existing RC frames, particularly regarding the connection details of the new RC infill walls to the existing bounding frame. The parametric study of the number of dowels connecting the wall to the bounding frame is presented and conclusions are drawn regarding, among others, the effect on the stiffness of the frame, the top storey displacement, the base shear, the axial and shear forces in the dowels, as well as the bending moment at the base of the wall and the outer columns. Some observations that can lead to design recommendations are also presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
CEN (2010) Assessment and retrofitting of buildings: Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake reistance: Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings/European Committee for Standardization; editor Cyprus Organisation of Standardisation. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels. https://vpn.cut.ac.cy/
Chrysostomou CZ, Poljansek M, Kyriakides N, Taucer F, Molina FJ (2013) Pseudo-dynamic tests on a full-scale four-storey reinforced concrete frame seismically retrofitted with reinforced concrete infilling. Struct Eng Int 23(2):159–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00458-7_17
Chrysostomou CZ, Kyriakides N, Poljansek M, Taucer F, Molina FJ (2014a) RC infilling of existing RC structures for seismic retrofitting. In Geotechnical, geological and earthquake engineering, vol 26, pp 303–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00458-7_17
Chrysostomou CZ, Kyriakides N, Kotronis P, Georgiou E (2014b) RC infilling of existing RC structures for seismic retrofitting. In: Second European conferece on earthquake engineering and seismology, Instabull, Turkey
Chrysostomou CZ, Kyriakides N, Kotronis P, Georgiou E (2016) Derivation of fragility curves for RC frames retrofitted with RC infill walls based on full-scale pseudodynamic testing results. In: ECCOMAS Congress 2016, Paper 16727
Fardis MN (2009) Seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of concrete buildings: based on EN-Eurocode 8. In: Geotechnical, geological, and earthquake engineering, vol 8. Springer
Fardis MN, Schetakis A, Strepelias E (2013) RC buildings retrofitted by converting frame bays into RC walls. Bull Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9435-6
Georgiou E (2021) RC-frames infilled with RC infill-walls for seismic retrofitting. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, https://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/handle/10488/19726
Georgiou ES, Kyriakides NC, Chrysostomou CZ, Kotronis P, Filippou CA (2018) Numerical simulation of the experimental results of the seismic strengthening of existing structures. In:16th European conference on earthquake engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece Paper 11029
Georgiou E, Kyriakides N, Chrysostomou CZ (2019) Retrofitting of RC infill walls. In: 4th Hellenic national conference on earthquake engineering and technical seismology, Athens, Greece
Georgiou E, Kyriakides N, Chrysostomou CZ (2020) FE model of RC frames infilled with RC walls for seismic retrofittimg and nonlinear parametric study of dowels. In: 17th world conference on earthquake engineering, Sendai, Japan. Paper C001578
Georgiou E, Kyriakides N, Chrysostomou CZ (2022) Numerical simulation of RC frames infilled with RC walls for seismic strengthening of existing structures. Bull Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01319-w
KANEPE (2017) Code for Intervention in Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Earthquake Plannig and Protection Organization (OASP)
Kaplan H, Yilmaz S, Cetinkaya N, Atimtay E (2011) Seismic strengthening of RC structures with exterior shear walls. Sadhana 36(1):17–34
Kyriakides N, Chrysostomou CZ, Kotronis P, Georgiou E, Roussis P (2015) Numerical simulation of the experimental results of a RC frame retrofitted with RC Infill walls. Earthq Struct 9(4):735–752. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.4.735
Moehle JP (2000) State of research on seismic retrofit of concrete building structures in the US. In: US-Japan symposium and workshop on seismic retrofit of concrete structures
Poljansek M, Taucer F, Molina J, Chrysostomou CZ, Kyriakides N, Onoufriou T, Roussis P, Kotronis P, Kosmopoulos A (2014) Seismic retrofitting of RC frames with RC infilling (SERFIN Project). https://doi.org/10.2788/630
Sonuvar MO, Ozcebe G, Ersoy U (2004) Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete frames with reinforced concrete infills. ACI Struct J 101(4):494
Strepelias I, Fardis M, Bousias S, Palios X, Biskinis D (2012) RC frames infilled into RC walls for seismic retrofitting: design, experimental behaviour and modelling (Issue SEE 2012–02)
Takase Y (2019) Testing and modeling of dowel action for a post-installed anchor subjected to combined shear force and tensile force. Eng Struct 195(May):551–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.05.086
Turk AM, Ersoy, U, Ozcebe G (2006) Effect of introducing RC infill on seismic performance of damaged RC frames. Struct Eng Mech 23(5):469–486
Funding
The authors declare that no funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Georgiou, E., Kyriakides, N. & Chrysostomou, C.Z. Nonlinear numerical parametric study of the number and arrangement of dowels connecting the wall to the bounding frame for the seismic strengthening of RC frames with RC infill walls. Bull Earthquake Eng 20, 3821–3862 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01354-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01354-7