Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Remarks on damage and response of school buildings after the Central Italy earthquake sequence

  • Original Research Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The seismic assessment of the vulnerability of existing public structures, especially school buildings, is a crucial issue in seismic prone countries. Recently, several national and regional programs and activities have focussed on the mitigation of Italian public buildings. They promote the scheduling of public buildings’ structural safety assessment and, when needed, the design and execution of strengthening interventions. Nevertheless, the three strong earthquakes that occurred in the last decade in Italy, Abruzzo (2009), Emilia (2012), and Central Italy (2016), confirmed the vulnerability of school buildings and the social importance of their quick re-opening after a damaging earthquake. In the present paper, the activities carried out on 1514 school building structures in the aftermath of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence are reported and analysed. According to survey data collected by post-earthquake usability inspections, the paper analyses the school buildings characteristics, damage level and extent to structural and non-structural components as well as the correlation between seismic intensity and observed damage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander D, Bhatia S, Benouar D, Bothara JK, Cardona O, Dixit AM, Green R, Gupta M, Kandel RC, Kelman I, Monk T, Pandey B, Petal M, Sanduvaç ZT, Shaw R, Wisner B (2015) School seismic safety: case studies. Encycl Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_406-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Augenti N, Cosenza E, Dolce M, Manfredi G, Masi A, Samela L (2002) Performance of School Buildings during the 2002 Molise. Earthq Spectra Spec Issue Molise Earthq 20(S1):S257–S270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baggio C, Bernardini A, Colozza R, Coppari S, Corazza L, Della Bella M, Di Pasquale G, Dolce M, Goretti A, Martinelli A, Orsini G, Papa F, Zuccaro G. (2007) Field manual for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures (AeDES). In: European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Communities, 2007

  • Bazzurro P, Maffei J (eds) (2004) Special issue on the 2002 Molise, Italy earthquake, Earthquake Reconnaissance Report, Earthquake Spectra 20 [special issue 1]

  • Braga F, Manfredi V, Masi A, Salvatori A, Vona M (2011) Performance of nonstructural elements in RC buildings during the L’Aquila, 2009 earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 9:307–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-010-9205-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Gaudio C, De Martino G, Di Ludovico M, Manfredi G, Prota A, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2017) Empirical fragility curves from damage data on RC buildings after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Bull Earthquake Eng 15:1425–1450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Masi A, Manfredi G (2012) Sisma in Emilia Romagna: l’attività di ReLUIS. Progettazione Sismica, n. 3, Anno IV, 2012, pp. 31–36, ISSN 1973-7432.

  • Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Moroni C, Manfredi G, Dolce M (2017a) Reconstruction process of damaged residential buildings outside historical centres after the L’Aquila earthquake: part I—”light damage” reconstruction. Bull Earthq Eng 15(2):69–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9877-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Moroni C, Manfredi G, Dolce M (2017b) Reconstruction process of damaged residential buildings outside historical centres after the L’Aquila earthquake—part II: “heavy damage” reconstruction. Bull Earthq Eng 15(2):693–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9979-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Ludovico M, Digrisolo A, Graziotti F, Moroni C, Belleri A, Caprili S, Carocci C, Dall’asta A, De Martino G, De Santis S, Ferracuti B, Ferretti F, Fiorentino G, Mannella A, Marini A, Mazzotti C, Sandoli A, Santoro A, Silvestri S, Sorrentino L, Magenes G, Masi A, Dolce M, Prota G, Manfredi G (2017c) The contribution of ReLUIS to the usability assessment of school buildings following the 2016 central Italy earthquake. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata 58(4):353–376. https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolce M (2004) Seismic safety of schools in Italy. In: Proceedings of the OECD Ad Hoc Experts’ group meeting on earthquake safety in schools, 9–11 Febbraio 2004, Paris, Francia

  • Dolce M, Moroni C, Manfredi G, Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Masi A, Santarsiero G (2016) Sicurezza sismica delle scuole—Esperienze ed attività in Basilicata e Abruzzo. Structural 206—luglio/agosto 2016, ISSN 2282-3794, https://doi.org/10.12917/stru207.23, http://www.dx.medra.org/10.12917/Stru207.23

  • Fralleone A, Pizza AG, Di Pasquale G (1999) Relevant changes to the Italian seismic code from 1909 to 1975. Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Frascadore R, Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Verderame GM, Manfredi G, Dolce M, Cosenza E (2015) Local strengthening of RC structures as a strategy for seismic risk mitigation at regional scale. Earthq Spectra 31(2):1083–1102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri del 14 gennaio 2015, “Approvazione della Scheda di valutazione di danno e agibilità post-sisma per edifici a struttura prefabbricata o di grande luce GL-AeDES (Grande Luce - Agibilità e Danno nell’Emergenza Sismica) e del relativo Manuale di compilazione. Modifica della Scheda AeDES, di cui al Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri 8 luglio 2014

  • Grant DN, Bommer JJ, Rui P, Calvi GM, Goretti A, Meroni F (2007) A prioritization scheme for seismic intervention in school buildings in Italy. Earthq Spectra 23(2):291–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gülkan P (2004) Seismic safety of school buildings in Turkey: obstacles impeding the achievable? In: OECD (ed) Keeping schools safe in earthqu0akes. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp 64–87

  • Michelini A, Faenza L, Lauciani V, Malagnini L (2008) Shake-Maps implementation in Italy. Seismol Res Lett 79:688–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ordinanza del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri (OPCM) (2003) Primi Elementi in Materia di Criteri Generali per la Classificazione Sismica del Territorio Nazionale e di Normative Tecniche per le Costruzioni in Zona Sismica, OPCM n. 3274/2005, 20 March 2003, Italy

  • R.D. (1909) Regio Decreto n.193 del 18/04/1909, Norme tecniche ed igieniche obbligatorie per le riparazioni ricostruzioni e nuove costruzioni degli edifici pubblici e privati nei luoghi colpiti dal terremoto del 28 dicembre 1908 e da altri precedenti elencati nel R.D. 15 aprile 1909. G.U del Regno d’Italia n.95 del 22/04/1909 (in Italian)

  • R.D.L. (1915) Regio Decreto Legge n. 573 del 29/4/1915 Che riguarda le norme tecniche ed igieniche da osservarsi per i lavori edilizi nelle località colpite dal terremoto del 13 gennaio 1915. G.U. del Regno d’Italia n. 117 dell’11/5/1915

  • Reyna J (2004) Earthquakes and educational infrastructure policy in Mexico. In: OECD Programme On Educational Building (PEB) and Geohazards International (GHI), February 2004

  • Rodgers JE (2012) Why schools are vulnerable to earthquakes, In: 15th World conference on earthquake engineering, Lisbon, 24–28 Sept 2012

  • State of California Department of General Services (2002) Seismic safety inventory of public schools. (AB300 final report). http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/disaster-risk-reduction/school-safety/

  • Ventura CE, Bebamzadeh A, Fairhurst M, Turek M, Taylor G, Finn WDL (2017) Performance-based seismic retrofit of school buildings in British Columbia, Canada—An overview. In: 16th World conference on earthquake engineering, 16WCEE 2017, Santiago Chile

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was performed in the framework of PE 2014–2018, joint program DPC-ReLUIS.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Di Ludovico.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Di Ludovico, M., Digrisolo, A., Moroni, C. et al. Remarks on damage and response of school buildings after the Central Italy earthquake sequence. Bull Earthquake Eng 17, 5679–5700 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0332-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0332-x

Keywords

Navigation