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Bacterial community diversity, abundance, and composition of rearing water and red tilapia gills from open river cages and earthen ponds in Central Thailand

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Abstract

Tilapia, a valuable fish species, ranks as the world’s second-largest farmed fish. In Thailand, it is a prominent cultured species, specifically the red tilapia hybrids (Oreochromis spp.). Understanding the factors influencing tilapia’s microbiome is essential to mitigate fish mortality and production decline. The study assesses the rearing water and fish gill microbiome in red tilapia culture, comparing closed earthen pond and open river cage culture systems across five provinces in Central Thailand. We conducted 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V3-V4 hypervariable regions) on bacterial DNA from 30 gills and 27 rearing water samples The results revealed that the location had a more significant impact (p < 0.05) than the culture system on both gills and water microbiomes. No association between abiotic factors and gill microbiome diversity was observed, while significant associations were observed between the water microbiome with ambient temperature (Ta) (p < 0.00), water temperature (Tw) (p < 0.00), pH (p < 0.03), and salinity (p < 0.01). Fish pathogens such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Mycobacterium spp. were consistently among the top 5 most abundant bacteria found in both water and fish gill samples across all provinces. Furthermore, several significant fish pathogens, including Vibrio spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium spp., and Edwardsiella spp., which pose a threat to public health and food safety and security, were detected, albeit in relatively low abundance (< 0.04%). In summary, this study has identified several bacterial species present in both rearing water and red tilapia gills, some of which can cause human disease as well. Interestingly, the culture system did not have a significant impact on microbial diversity, while the farm’s location played a significant role. Further investigations into other factors such as farming practices and environmental conditions that may contribute to the presence of pathogenic bacteria in both rearing water and gill samples are warranted.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the technical support from all of the colleagues from the Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok, Thailand).

Funding

G.B.D. received a scholarship from the Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadapisek Somphot Endowment Fund). M.M. received a senior postdoctoral fellowship supported by Ratchadapisek Somphot from the Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. This project was funded by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) under Mid-Career Talented Researchers Grant no. NRCT5-RSA63001-01 and Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University (FF67_4709668).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Geraldine B. Dayrit, Mahmoud Mabrok & Channarong Rodkhum

  2. Faculty of Veterinary Science, The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Geraldine B. Dayrit

  3. Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines

    Geraldine B. Dayrit

  4. Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt

    Mahmoud Mabrok

  5. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, South Sinai, 46612, Egypt

    Mahmoud Mabrok

  6. Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Pathum Thani, Thailand

    Sage Chaiyapechara

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  1. Geraldine B. Dayrit
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Contributions

G.B.D., S.C., and C.R. conceived and designed the experiments. G.B.D. and M.M. contributed equally, and C.R. performed the experiments. G.B.D., M.M., S.C., and C.R. analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. G.B.D., M.M., C.R., and S.C. were responsible for writing, reviewing, and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Channarong Rodkhum.

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Dayrit, G.B., Mabrok, M., Chaiyapechara, S. et al. Bacterial community diversity, abundance, and composition of rearing water and red tilapia gills from open river cages and earthen ponds in Central Thailand. Aquacult Int (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01527-y

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