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An overview of the immunomodulatory effects exerted by probiotics and prebiotics in grouper fish

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Abstract

While health benefits imparted by probiotics and prebiotics in various finfish have been extensively researched over the past few decades, little emphasis has been given to its role in immunomodulation in grouper fish health. From this billion-dollar aquaculture industry, the production of an estimated 100,000 tons per annum of grouper fish is required to fulfill the needs of the global market by 2020. Thus, this huge demand has resulted in a rapid rise of grouper fish farms, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Unfortunately, grouper farming is often blighted by viral and bacterial diseases, which consequently devastate yields, resulting in economic losses. This review provides an overview of the functional role of probiotics and prebiotics, with specific emphasis on their immunomodulatory effects toward the advancement of grouper fish farming as one of the rising aquaculture commodities in the near future. Types of grouper-related diseases, probiotic strains, prebiotic types, dietary manipulations, immunological functions, and immunomodulatory mechanisms are reviewed and discussed in this article.

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Abbreviations

ACH:

Alternative complement activity

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

CD:

Cluster of differentiation

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

DGGE:

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

FISH:

Fluorescent in situ hybridization

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IL:

Interleukin

LAB:

Lactic acid bacteria

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharides

NGS:

Next-generation sequencing

MAMP:

Microbe-associated molecular pattern

MBG:

Mushroom beta-glucan mixture

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PBL:

Peripheral blood leukocyte

PI:

Phagocytic index

RBA:

Respiratory burst activity

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

T-RFLP:

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-beta

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

VNN:

viral nervous necrosis

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Funding

This work was partly supported by UCSI–CERVIE PSIF Grant (Proj-in-FAS-031). The authors would like to thank the reviewers have made valuable comments and suggestions that have improved the manuscript.

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  1. Functional Food Research Group (FFRG), Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Taman Connaught, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Jiun Yan Loh, Hor Kuan Chan, Hok Chai Yam, Lionel Lian Aun In & Crystale Siew Ying Lim

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  1. Jiun Yan Loh
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  2. Hor Kuan Chan
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Contributions

J.Y.L. contributed to the introduction, disease, dietary supplementation, manuscript improvement, and conclusion sections. H.K.C. contributed to the probiotic section. H.C.Y. contributed to the prebiotic section. L.L.A.I. contributed to the immunomodulation section. C.S.Y.L. contributed to the editing and compilation of the manuscript

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Correspondence to Jiun Yan Loh.

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Loh, J.Y., Chan, H.K., Yam, H.C. et al. An overview of the immunomodulatory effects exerted by probiotics and prebiotics in grouper fish. Aquacult Int 28, 729–750 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00491-2

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