Abstract
Providencia rettgeri infection has occurred occasionally in aquaculture, but is rare in turtles. Here, a pathogenic P. rettgeri strain G0519 was isolated from a diseased slider turtle (Trachemys scripta) in China, and qPCR assay was established for the RTX toxin (rtxD) gene. Histopathological examination showed that many inflammatory cells were infiltrated into heart, liver and intestine, as well as the necrosis of liver, kidney and spleen. The genome consisted of one circular chromosome (4.493 Mb) and one plasmid (18.8 kb), and predicted to contain 4170 and 19 protein-coding genes, respectively. Multiple pathogenic and virulence factors (e.g., fimbria, adhesion, invasion, toxin, hemolysin, chemotaxis, secretion system), multidrug-resistant genes (e.g., ampC, per-1, oxa-1, sul1, tetR) and a novel genomic resistance island PRI519 were identified. Comparative genome analysis revealed the closest relationship was with P. rettgeri, and with P. heimbachae closer than with other Providencia spp. To our knowledge, this was first report on genomic characterization of multidrug-resistant pathogenic P. rettgeri in cultured turtles.
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Data availability
All data included in this study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Abbreviations
- ABC:
-
ATP-binding cassette
- CARD:
-
Comprehensive antibiotic research database
- CAZy:
-
Carbohydrate-active enZYmes
- COG:
-
Clusters of orthologous groups
- CyaA:
-
Cyclase toxin A
- ESBL:
-
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase
- GO:
-
Gene ontology
- Hcp:
-
Hemolysin coregulated protein
- Hly:
-
Hemolysin
- KEGG:
-
Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MBL:
-
Metallo β-lactamase
- MDR:
-
Multidrug-resistant
- MFS:
-
Major facilitator superfamily
- MRL:
-
Maximum resistance level
- NR:
-
Non-redundant
- OMP:
-
Outer membrane protein
- PHI:
-
Pathogen host interactions
- qPCR:
-
Quantitative real-time PCR
- RND:
-
Resistance-nodulation-division
- rRNA:
-
Ribosomal RNA
- RTX:
-
Repeats in toxins
- RtxD:
-
Toxin transporter
- sRNA:
-
Small RNA
- 3D:
-
Three dimensional
- tRNA:
-
Transfer RNA
- Vgr:
-
Valine glycine repeat
- VF:
-
Virulence factor
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Key Scientific Research Project Universities and Colleges in Tianjin (No. 2019ZD014), the open project of Tianjin Key Lab of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture (No. TJAE201803), the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin city (No. 18JCYBJC29900), Innovation Team of Tianjin Fisheries Research System (No. ITTFRS2017009), and Tianjin agricultural university Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology platform project (No. J01009030638).
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Minghao Ye designed the laboratory experiments and conducted the laboratory experiments, data analyses, and drafted the manuscript. Xiucai Hu assisted with the laboratory experiments, data analyses, and contributed to drafting the manuscript. Aijun Lü supervised the execution of laboratory experiments and data analyses. Jingfeng Sun and Chengxun Chen provided a critical review of the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript prior to submission.
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All animal treatments were strictly in accordance with the guidelines of Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Tianjin Agricultural University. The work conformed to appropriate ethical standards.
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Ye, M., Hu, X., Lü, A. et al. Isolation and genomic characterization of a pathogenic Providencia rettgeri strain G0519 in turtle Trachemys scripta. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 113, 1633–1662 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01469-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01469-4