Abstract
This research involved an exploratory intervention to determine the effectiveness of using a deliberate psychological education (DPE) approach that incorporated issues of ethics, multicultural competence, oppression and diversity. The study attempted to discern if the DPE model used could make a difference in the promotion of ego development (which subsumes moral development) and multicultural knowledge and awareness of counselor interns. The intervention group showed significant gains compared to comparison groups in ego development as measured by the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WSCT) (Loevinger 1985) as well as significant gains on the Knowledge subscale of the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MCKAS, Ponterotto et al. 2002).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA code of ethics. Alexandria: Author.
Arredondo, P. (1998). Integrating multicultural counseling competencies and universal helping conditions in culture-specific contexts. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 592–601.
Arredondo, P., & Arciniega, M. (2001). Strategies and techniques for counselor training based on the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 29, 263–273.
Arredondo, P., Toporek, R., Brown, S. P., Sanchez, J., Locke, D. C., Sanchez, J., et al. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 24(1), 42–78.
Borders, L. D. (1998). Ego development and counselor development. In P. M. Westeberg, A. Blasit & L. D. Cohn (Eds.), Personality development: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical investigations of Loevinger’s concept of ego development (pp. 331–343). Mahway: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Borders, D., Fong, M., & Neimeyer, G. (1986). Counseling students’ level of ego development and perception of clients. Counselor Education and Supervision, 26, 36–49.
Brendel, J., Kolbert, J., & Foster, V. (2002). Promoting student cognitive development. Journal of Adult Development, 9, 217–227.
Constantine, M., & Ladany, N. (2000). Self-report multicultural counseling competence scales and their relation to social desirability and multicultural case conceptualization ability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 155–164.
Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2005). CACREP Accreditation and procedures manual. Alexandria: Author.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlow, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354.
Edgar, E., Patton, J. M., & Day-Vines, N. L. (2002). Democratic dispositions and cultural competency: ingredients for school renewal. Remedial and Special Education, 23, 231–240.
Foster, V. A., & McAdams, C. R. (1998). Supervising the childcare counselor: a cognitive developmental model. Child & Youth Care Forum, 27(1), 5–17.
Gay, L. R. (1996). Education research: Competencies for analysis and application (5th ed.). Columbus: Prentice Hall.
Hayes, R. (1994). The legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg: implications for counselingand human development. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72, 261–267.
Hill, N. R. (2003). Promoting and celebrating multicultural competence in counselor trainees. Counselor Education and Supervision, 43, 39–51.
Holcomb-McCoy, C. C., & Myers, J. (1999). Multicultural competence and counselor training: a national survey. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 294–302.
Hy, L. X., & Loevinger, J. (1996). Measuring ego development. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kocarek, C. E., & Pelling, N. J. (2003). Beyond knowledge and awareness: enhancing counselor skills for work with gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 31, 99–112.
Lee, L., & Snarey, J. (1988). The relationship between ego and moral development: A theoretical review and empirical analysis. In D. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Self, ego and identity: Integrative approaches. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Loevinger, J. (1985). Revision of the sentence completion test for ego development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 420–427.
Loevinger, J. (1994). Has psychology lost its conscience? Journal of Personality Asssessment, 62, 2–8.
Lovell, C. (1999). Empathic-cognitive development in students of counseling. Journal of Adult Development, 6, 195–203.
Manners, J., & Durkin, K. (2000). Processes involved in adult ego development: a conceptual framework. Developmental Review, 20(4), 475–513.
McAllsiter, G., & Irvine, J. (2000). Cross-cultural competency and multicultural teacher education. Review of Educational Research, 3–24.
Ponterotto, J. G., & Alexander, C. M. (1997). Assessing the multicultural competence of counselors and clinicians. In L. A. Suzuki, P. J. Meller & J. G. Ponterotto (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural assessment: Clinical, psychological, and educational applications (pp. 651–672). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Ponterotto, J. G., & Potere, J. C. (2003). The multicultural counseling knowledge and awareness scale: Validity, reliability, and user guidelines. In D. B. Pope-Davis, H. K. Coleman, W. M. Liu & R. L. Toporek (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology (pp. 137–153). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Ponterotto, J. G., Gretchen, D., Utsey, S. O., Reiger, B. P., & Austin, R. (2002). A revision of the multicultural counseling awareness scale. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30, 153–180.
Ponterotto, J. G., Reiger, B. P., Barrett, A., & Sparks, R. (1992). Assessing multicultural counseling competence: a review of instrumentation. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72(3), 316–322.
Rest, J. R., & Narvaez, D. (1994). Moral development in the professions: Psychology and applied ethics. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sodowsky, G. R. (1996). Measurements of the relationships of multicultural counseling competencies and counselor training. In G. R. Sodowsky & J. C. Impara (Eds.), Multicultural assessment in counseling and clinical psychology. Lincoln: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
Sprinthall, N. A. (1994). Counseling and social role taking: Promoting moral and ego development. In J. R. Rest & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Moral development in the professions: Psychology and applied ethics (pp. 85–99). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sprinthall, N. A., & Mosher, R. L. (eds). (1978). Value development as the aim of education. Schenectady: Character Research.
Steward, R. J., Boatwright, K. J., Sauer, E., Baden, A., & Jackson, J. D. (1998). The relationships among counselor trainees’ gender, cognitive development, and white racial identity: implications for counselor training. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 26, 254–272.
Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: a call to the profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 20, 45–52.
Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. B., Durran, M., Feinburg, L., Pederson, P., Smithe, E., et al. (1982). Position paper: cross-cultural counseling competencies. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 45–52.
Watt, S. K., Robinson, T. L., & Lupton-Smith, H. (2002). Building ego and racial identity: preliminary perspectives. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 94–100.
Whitfield, D. (1994). Toward an integrated approach to improving multicultural counselor education. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 22, 239–252.
Yeh, C. J., & Arora, A. K. (2003). Multicultural training and interdependent and independent self-construal as predictors of universal-diverse orientation among school counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81, 78–83.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cannon, E.P., Frank, D. Promoting Ego Development and Multicultural Competence During Internship. Int J Adv Counselling 31, 199–211 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-009-9078-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-009-9078-0