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Auswirkungen des Aktiv- und Passivrauchens auf die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen

Effects of active and passive smoking on the health of children and adolescents

  • Pädiatrische Pneumologie
  • Published:
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Zusammenfassung

Jugendliche in Deutschland waren um die Jahrtausendwende mit über 30 % aktiven Rauchern Europameister. Seitdem haben Rauchverbote, Steuererhöhungen und das gesellschaftliche Umdenken zu einem erheblichen Sinken der Raucherzahlen beigetragen. Nikotinabhängigkeit ist eine „Kinderkrankheit“, und die Tabakabhängigkeit entsteht meistens vor dem 20. Lebensjahr. Ein früher Beginn ist besonders gesundheitsgefährdend: Summationseffekte und die Unreife der Organe führen zu einer stärkeren Gesamtbelastung des Organismus. Nach einem vorübergehenden Rückgang der Raucherquoten hat der Trend zur E‑Zigarette bereits wieder zu einer Zunahme der jugendlichen Nikotinkonsumenten geführt. Nach dem Konsum von vermeintlich harmloseren E‑Zigaretten wurden teils fatal verlaufende, schwere Lungenerkrankungen dokumentiert. Neben der direkten Schädigung durch aktives Rauchen besteht für Kinder und Jugendliche zusätzlich eine Gefahr durch eine Passivrauchexposition in der heimischen Wohnung bzw. im Auto. Bereits vorgeburtlich wird der Fetus durch eine Tabakexposition geschädigt. Vorzeitiger Blasensprung und Frühgeburtlichkeit, verlangsamtes Wachstum von Körper und Lunge stehen in direktem Zusammenhang mit präpartalem mütterlichem Rauchen. Nach der Geburt sind Erkrankungen der kindlichen Atemwege wie die Otitis media, adenoide Vegetationen und Tonsillitiden deutlich häufiger, und das Lungenwachstum ist verlangsamt. Passive Tabakrauchexposition durch rauchende Eltern bleibt der wichtigste Risikofaktor für eine „Raucherkarriere“. Dementsprechend müssen Präventions- und Entwöhnungsbemühungen unter Einbeziehung von Kindern und Jugendlichen weiter intensiviert werden. Nikotin in jeder Darreichungsform ist bei Jugendlichen suchtauslösend, weshalb v. a. diese Gruppe davor geschützt werden muss.

Abstract

With more than 30% active smokers, young people in Germany were the European champions at the turn of the millennium. Since then, smoking bans, tax increases, and social rethinking have contributed to a considerable decline in the number of smokers. Nicotine dependence is a “childhood” disease, and tobacco dependence usually begins before the age of 20. An early onset is particularly hazardous to health, because summation effects and the immaturity of organs lead to a greater overall burden on the organism. After a temporary decline in smoking rates, the trend towards e‑cigarettes has already led to an increase in the number of young nicotine users. Following consumption of supposedly harmless e‑cigarettes, severe—sometimes fatal—lung diseases have been documented. In addition to direct harm from active smoking, children and adolescents are further at risk of secondhand smoke at home or in the car. Even before birth, tobacco exposure is harmful to the fetus. Premature rupture of membranes and preterm birth as well as slower growth of body and lungs are directly related to maternal tobacco use. After birth, pediatric diseases of the respiratory tract such as otitis media, adenoid vegetation, and tonsillitis are much more common, and lung growth is retarded. The most important risk factor for a “smoking career” is still passive exposure to tobacco due to parental smoking. Thus, prevention and cessation efforts involving children and adolescents need to be further intensified. Nicotine leads to dependence in adolescents regardless of the form in which it is administered, and this risk group requires particular protection.

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  1. Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Kreiskliniken Altötting-Burghausen, Vinzenz-von-Paul-Straße 10, 84503, Altötting, Deutschland

    M. Rosewich

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M. Rose, Stuttgart

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Rosewich, M. Auswirkungen des Aktiv- und Passivrauchens auf die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Pneumologe 17, 51–56 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-019-00298-1

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