Abstract
The aim of the research was to determine the impact of regulated deficit irrigations (RDIs) on the accumulation of chlorophyll, proline, and abscisic acid (ABA) in grapevines. Cuttings of Vitis vinifera L. cv ‘Adakarası,’ ‘Papazkarası,’ ‘Karasakız,’ ‘Karalahana,’ ‘Yapıncak,’ ‘Vasilaki,’ ‘Cabernet Sauvignon,’ and ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ were treated to different RDIs that were applied by reducing the maximum irrigation amount by 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% according to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) under semi-controlled conditions over 2 years. ‘Karalahana’ and ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ cultivars reached the highest chlorophyl la (Chla) in the mean of 2 years. The highest total chlorophyll (Chltot) was determined in ‘Karalahana’ cultivar. The lowest Chltot was determined in ‘Adakarası’ cultivar. The proline with lower RDIs increased in 2019. In 2020, a relationship was discovered whereby, contrary to the previous year, RD4 indicated the least content of proline. The highest ABA among RDIs was determined in the RD4, but was not statistically significant. Leaf ABA was higher in 2019 in the mean of all cultivars and all RDIs. The impact of RDIs on ABA varied according to the cultivar and year. ‘Adakarası’ cultivar, like ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ cultivar, may adjust its metabolic process to a decrease in water supply. ‘Karasakız’ cultivar also appears to be promising in terms of drought resilience.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aien A, Khetarpal S, Pal M (2011) Photosynthetic characteristics of potato cultivars grown under high temperature. AEJAES 11:633–639
Altintas S, Candar S (2012) Relations between growth, N level, NH4/ N ratio of fertilizer, climatic variables, harvest time and tipburn of cos lettuce grown under the cold glasshouse. J Food Agric Environ 10(3-4):368–373. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2012.3398
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot 59(2):206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
Bahar E, Carbonneau A, Korkutal I (2011) The effect of extreme water stress on leaf drying limits and possibilities of recovering in three grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. Afr J Agric Res 6(5):1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.003
Balfagón D, Zandalinas SI, Gómez-Cadenas A (2019) High temperatures change the perspective: Integrating hormonal responses in citrus plants under co-occurring abiotic stress conditions. Physiol Plant 165(2):183–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12815
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Baydar H, Ülger S (1998) Correlations between changes in the amount of endogenous phytohormones and flowering in the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Turk J Biol 22(4):421–426
Beis A, Patakas A (2015) Differential physiological and biochemical responses to drought in grapevines subjected to partial root drying and deficit irrigation. Eur J Agron 62:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJA.2014.10.001
Bernardo S, Dinis LT, Machado N, Moutinho-Pereira J (2018) Grapevine abiotic stress assessment and search for sustainable adaptation strategies in Mediterranean-like climates. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0544-0
Bernardo S, Dinis LT, Luzio A, Machado N, Gonçalves A, Vives-Peris V, Pitarch-Bielsa M, López-Climent MF, Malheiro AC, Correia C, Gómez-Cadenas A, Moutinho-Pereira J (2021) Optimising grapevine summer stress responses and hormonal balance by applying kaolin in two Portuguese Demarcated Regions. Oeno One 55(1):207–222. https://doi.org/10.20870/OENO-ONE.2021.55.1.4502
Bertamini A, Nedunchezhian N (2003) Photosynthetic functioning of individual grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir) during ontogeny in the field. Vitis 42:13–17
Boneh U, Biton I, Schwartz A, Ben-Ari G (2012) Characterization of the ABA signal transduction pathway in Vitis vinifera. Plant Sci 187:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PLANTSCI.2012.01.015
Branas J, Bernon G, Levadoux L (1946) Élements de Viticultura Générale. Imp. Déhan, Bordeaux
Brito C, Dinis LT, Moutinho-Pereira J, Correia C (2019) Kaolin, an emerging tool to alleviate the effects of abiotic stresses on crop performance. Sci Hortic 250:310–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2019.02.070
Candar S, Açıkbaş B, Ekiz M, Zobar D, Korkutal İ, Bahar E (2021) Influence of water scarcity on macronutrients contents in young leaves of wine grape cultivars. Cienc Tec Vitiv 36(2):104–115. https://doi.org/10.1051/CTV/CTV20213602104
Canoura C, Kelly MT, Ojeda H (2018) Effect of irrigation and timing and type of nitrogen application on the biochemical composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay and Syrah grapeberries. Food Chem 241:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.114
Canton M, Borghezan M, Silva TC, Welter JF, Villar L, Rosa DJ, Silva AL, Pescador R (2017) Chlorophyll evaluation on leaves of ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ during vegetative growth in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Acta Hortic 1188:15–20. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1188.3
Capozzi V, Garofalo C, Chiriatti MA, Grieco F, Spano G (2015) Microbial terroir and food innovation: The case of yeast biodiversity in wine. Microbiol Res 181:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2015.10.005
Casanova-Gascón J, Martín-Ramos P, Martí-Dalmau C, Badía-Villas D (2018) Nutrients assimilation and chlorophyll contents for different grapevine varieties in calcareous soils in the somontano DO (Spain). Beverages 4(4):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040090
Charrier G, Delzon S, Domec JC, Zhang L, Delmas CEL, Merlin I, Corso D, King A, Ojeda H, Ollat N, Prieto JA, Scholach T, Skinner P, van Leeuwen C, Gambetta GA (2018) Drought will not leave your glass empty: Low risk of hydraulic failure revealed by long-term drought observations in world’s top wine regions. Sci Adv. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.AAO6969
Chavarria G, dos Santos HP, de Castro LAS, Marodin GAB, Bergamaschi H (2012) Anatomy, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic potential in grapevine leaves under plastic cover. Rev Bras Frutic 34(3):661–668. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452012000300003
Chaves MM, Zarrouk O, Francisco R, Costa JM, Santos T, Regalado AP, Rodrigues ML, Lopes CM (2010) Grapevine under deficit irrigation: hints from physiological and molecular data. Ann Bot 105(5):661–676. https://doi.org/10.1093/AOB/MCQ030
Chitarra W, Perrone I, Avanzato CG, Minio A, Boccacci P, Santini D, Gilardi G, Siciliano I, Gullino ML, Delledonne M, Mannini F, Gambino G (2017) Grapevine grafting: Scion transcript profiling and defense-related metabolites induced by rootstocks. Front Plant Sci 8:654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00654
Conde A, Chaves MM, Gerós H (2011) Membrane transport, sensing and signaling in plant adaptation to environmental stress. Plant Cell Physiol 52(9):1583–1602. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcr107
Conde A, Regalado A, Rodrigues D, Costa JM, Blumwald E, Chaves MM, Gerós H (2015) Polyols in grape berry: Transport and metabolic adjustments as a physiological strategy for water-deficit stress tolerance in grapevine. J Exp Bot 66(3):889–906. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru446
Coupel-Ledru A, Tyerman SD, Masclef D, Lebon E, Christophe A, Edwards EJ, Simonneau T (2017) Abscisic acid down-regulates hydraulic conductance of grapevine leaves in isohydric genotypes only. Plant Physiol 175(3):1121–1134. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00698
Dale MP, Causton DR (1992) Use of the chlorophyll a/b ratio as a bioassay for the light environment of a plant. Funct Ecol 6(2):190–196. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389754
Degu A, Hochberg U, Wong DCJ, Alberti G, Lazarovitch N, Peterlunger E, Castellarin SD, Herrera JC, Fait A (2019) Swift metabolite changes and leaf shedding are milestones in the acclimation process of grapevine under prolonged water stress. BMC Plant Biol 19:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1652-y
Dinis LT, Bernardo S, Conde A, Pimentel D, Ferreira H, Félix L, Gerós H, Correia CM, Moutinho-Pereira J (2016a) Kaolin exogenous application boosts antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in berries and leaves of grapevine under summer stress. J Plant Physiol 191:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPLPH.2015.12.005
Dinis LT, Ferreira H, Pinto G, Bernardo S, Correia CM, Moutinho-Pereira J (2016b) Kaolin-based, foliar reflective film protects photosystem II structure and function in grapevine leaves exposed to heat and high solar radiation. Photosynthetica 54(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11099-015-0156-8
Dinis LT, Bernardo S, Luzio A, Pinto G, Meijón M, Pintó-Marijuan M, Cotado A, Correia C, Moutinho-Pereira J (2018) Kaolin modulates ABA and IAA dynamics and physiology of grapevine under Mediterranean summer stress. J Plant Physiol 220:181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.007
Dreyer I (2014) Potassium (K+) in plants. J Plant Physiol 171(9):655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.001
Duchêne É (2016) How can grapevine genetics contribute to the adaptation to climate change? Oeno One 50(3):113–124. https://doi.org/10.20870/OENO-ONE.2016.50.3.98
Filimon RV, Rotaru L, Filimon RM (2016) Quantitative investigation of leaf photosynthetic pigments during annual biological cycle of Vitis vinifera L. table grape cultivars. S Afr J Enol Vitic 37(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.21548/37-1-753
Gambetta GA, Herrera JC, Dayer S, Feng Q, Hochberg U, Castellarin SD (2020) The physiology of drought stress in grapevine: Towards an integrative definition of drought tolerance. J Exp Bot 71(16):4658–4676. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa245
Gitelson AA, Chivkunova OB, Merzlyak MN (2009) Nondestructive estimation of anthocyanins and chlorophylls in anthocyanic leaves. Am J Bot 96(10):1861–1868. https://doi.org/10.3732/AJB.0800395
Gomez-Cadenas A, Vives V, Zandalinas S, Manzi M, Sanchez-Perez A, Perez-Clemente R, Arbona V (2015) Abscisic acid: A versatile phytohormone in plant signaling and beyond. Curr Protein Pept Sci 16(5):413–434. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203716666150330130102
Greenway H, Munns R (2003) Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31:149–190. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.PP.31.060180.001053
Haider MS, Zhang Cheng Kurjogi MM, Pervaiz T, Zheng T, Zhang Chaobo Lide C, Shangguan L, Fang J (2017) Insights into grapevine defense response against drought as revealed by biochemical, physiological and RNA-Seq analysis. Sci Rep 7:13134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13464-3
Hernández-Orte P, Guitart A, Cacho J (1999) Changes in the concentration of amino acids during the ripening of Vitis vinifera Tempranillo variety from the denomination d’Origine Somontano (Spain). Am J Enol Vitic 50:144–154
Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1950) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. Circular. California Agricultural Experiment Station, 347. https://archive.org/details/watercultureme3450hoag/mode/2up. Accessed 7 Nov 2021
Hubbard KE, Nishimura N, Hitomi K, Getzoff ED, Schroeder JI (2010) Early abscisic acid signal transduction mechanisms: Newly discovered components and newly emerging questions. Genes Dev 24:1695–1708. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1953910
Ilahi WFF, Ahmad D (2017) A study on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of cocopeat perlite mixture as a growing media in containerized plant production. Sains Malays 46:975–980. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4606-17
Jia J, Zhou J, Shi W, Cao X, Luo J, Polle A, Luo ZB (2017) Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the roles of overlapping heat-drought-responsive genes in poplars exposed to high temperature and drought. Sci Rep 7:43215. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43215
Ju Y, Yue X, Min Z, Wang X, Fang Y, Zhang J (2020) VvNAC17, a novel stress-responsive grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) NAC transcription factor, increases sensitivity to abscisic acid and enhances salinity, freezing, and drought tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis. Plant Physiol Biochem 146:98–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.002
Kaplan F, Kopka J, Sung DY, Zhao W, Popp M, Porat R, Guy CL (2007) Transcript and metabolite profiling during cold acclimation of Arabidopsis reveals an intricate relationship of cold-regulated gene expression with modifications in metabolite content. Plant J 50(6):967–981. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-313X.2007.03100.X
Kelen M, Demiralay EÇ, Şen S, Özkan G (2004) Separation of abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid in 99 R (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris) and rose oil (Rosa damascena Mill.) by reversed phase liquid chromatography. Turk J Chem 28(5):603–610
Kizildeniz T, Mekni I, Santesteban H, Pascual I, Morales F, Irigoyen JJ (2015) Effects of climate change including elevated CO2 concentration, temperature and water deficit on growth, water status, and yield quality of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. Agric Water Manag 159:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.06.015
Kizildeniz T, Irigoyen JJ, Pascual I, Morales F (2018a) Simulating the impact of climate change (elevated CO2 and temperature, and water deficit) on the growth of red and white tempranillo grapevine in three consecutive growing seasons (2013–2015). Agric Water Manag 202:220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.006
Kizildeniz T, Pascual I, Irigoyen JJ, Morales F (2018b) Using fruit-bearing cuttings of grapevine and temperature gradient greenhouses to evaluate effects of climate change (elevated CO2 and temperature, and water deficit) on the cv. red and white Tempranillo. yield and must quality in three consecutive growing seasons (2013–2015). Agric Water Manag 202:299–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.12.001
Kizildeniz T, Pascual I, Irigoyen JJ, Morales F (2021) Future CO2, warming and water deficit impact white and red Tempranillo grapevine: Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 and biomass allocation. Physiol Plant 172(3):1779–1794. https://doi.org/10.1111/PPL.13388
Kliewer WM, Weaver RJ (1971) Effect of crop level and leaf area on growth, composition, and coloration of ‘Tokay’ grapes. Am J Enol Vitic 22(172):177
Lehr PP, Hernández-Montes E, Ludwig-Müller J, Keller M, Zörb C (2021) Abscisic acid and proline are not equivalent markers for heat, drought and combined stress in grapevines. Aust J Grape Wine Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12523
Lei W, Huang S, Tang S, Shui X, Chen C (2016) Determination of abscisic acid and its relationship to drought stress based on cowpea varieties with different capability of drought resistance. Am J Biochem Biotechnol 12(1):79–85. https://doi.org/10.3844/AJBBSP.2016.79.85
Lorenz D, Eichhorn K, Bleiholder H, Klose R, Meier U (1995) Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitisvinifera L. ssp. vinifera)-codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale. Aust J Grape Wine Res 1:100–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00085.x
Lovisolo C, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Tramontini S, Ferrandino A (2016) Grapevine adaptations to water stress: new perspectives about soil/plant interactions. Theor Exp Plant Physiol 28:53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-016-0057-7
Luo YY, Li RX, Jiang QS, Bai R, Duan D (2019) Changes in the chlorophyll content of grape leaves could provide a physiological index for responses and adaptation to UV‑C radiation. Nord. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.02314
Ma Y, Dias MC, Freitas H (2020) Drought and salinity stress responses and microbe-induced tolerance in plants. Front Plant Sci 11:1750. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2020.591911/BIBTEX
Martim SA, Santos MP, Peçanha AL, Pommer C, Campostrini E, Viana AP, Façanha AR, Smith RB (2009) Photosynthesis and cell respiration modulated by water deficit in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. Braz J Plant Physiol 21(2):95–102
Martín-Tornero E, de Jorge Páscoa RNM, Espinosa-Mansilla A, Martín-Merás ID, Lopes JA (2020) Comparative quantification of chlorophyll and polyphenol levels in grapevine leaves sampled from different geographical locations. Sci Rep 10:6246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63407-8
Meng X, Yin B, Feng HL, Zhang S, Liang XQ, Meng QW (2014) Overexpression of R2R3-MYB gene leads to accumulation of anthocyanin and enhanced resistance to chilling and oxidative stress. Biol Plant 58:121–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-013-0376-3
MGM (2020) Tekirdag province general climate statistics data. Turkish state meteorological service. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=TEKIRDAG. Accessed 6 Sept 2021
Min Z, Li R, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu M, Ju Y, Fang Y (2019) Alleviation of drought stress in grapevine by foliar-applied strigolactones. Plant Physiol Biochem 135:99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.037
Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911
Niculcea M, Martinez-Lapuente L, Guadalupe Z, Sánchez-Díaz M, Morales F, Ayestarán B, Antolín MC (2013) Effects of water-deficit irrigation on hormonal content and nitrogen compounds in developing berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo. J Plant Growth Regul 32:551–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-013-9322-z
de Ollas C, Morillón R, Fotopoulos V, Puértolas J, Ollitrault P, Gómez-Cadenas A, Arbona V (2019) Facing climate change: Biotechnology of iconic mediterranean woody crops. Front Plant Sci 10:427. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2019.00427/BIBTEX
Ollat N, van Leeuwen C, de Cortazar-Atauri IG, Touzard JM (2017) The challenging issue of climate change for sustainable grape and wine production. Oeno One 51(2):59–60. https://doi.org/10.20870/OENO-ONE.2017.51.2.1872
Ozden M, Demirel U, Kahraman A (2009) Effects of proline on antioxidant system in leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exposed to oxidative stress by H2O2. Sci Hortic 119(2):163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.031
Papp B, Sabovljević M (2003) Contribution to the Bryophyte flora of Turkish Thrace. Studia Bot Hung 34:43–54
Patakas A, Noitsakis B (1999) Osmotic adjustment and partitioning of turgor responses to drought in grapevines leaves. Am J Enol Vitic 50:76–80
Patakas A, Nikolaou N, Zioziou E, Radoglou K, Noitsakis B (2002) The role of organic solute and ion accumulation in osmotic adjustment in drought-stressed grapevines. Plant Sci 163(2):361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00140-1
Perrone I, Gambino G, Chitarra W, Vitali M, Pagliarani C, Riccomagno N, Balestrini R, Kaldenhoff R, Uehlein N, Gribaudo I, Schubert A, Lovisolo C (2012) The grapevine root-specific aquaporin VvPIP2;4N controls root hydraulic conductance and leaf gas exchange under well-watered conditions but not under water stress. Plant Physiol 160(2):965–977. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.203455
Pieterse CMJ, van der Does D, Zamioudis C, Leon-Reyes A, van Wees SCM (2012) Hormonal modulation of plant immunity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 28:489–521. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154055
Pilati S, Bagagli G, Sonego P, Moretto M, Brazzale D, Castorina G, Simoni L, Tonelli C, Guella G, Engelen K, Galbiati M, Moser C (2017) Abscisic acid is a major regulator of grape berry ripening onset: New insights into ABA signaling network. Front Plant Sci 8:1093. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01093
Porra RJ (2002) The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynth Res 73(1):149–156. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020470224740
Quach HT, Steeper RL, Griffin GW (2004) An improved method for the extraction and thin-layer chromatography of chlorophyll a and b from spinach. J Chem Educ 81(3):385–387. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed081p385
Rehman A, Azhar MT (2020) Genetic assessment of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and stomatal conductance in leaf tissue of upland cotton in water stress conditions. J Anim Plant Sci 31(1):108–120. https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2021.1.0199
Rocchi L, Rustioni L, Failla O (2016) Chlorophyll and carotenoid quantifications in white grape (Vitis vinifera L.) skins by reflectance spectroscopy. Vitis 55(1):11–16. https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2016.55.11-16
Rodrigues M, Chaves M, Wendler R, David M, Quick W, Leegood R, Stitt M, Pereira J (1993) Osmotic adjustment in water stressed grapevine leaves in relation to carbon assimilation. Funct Plant Biol 20(3):309–321. https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9930309
Rustioni L, Bianchi D (2021) Drought increases chlorophyll content in stems of Vitis interspecific hybrids. Theor Exp Plant Physiol 33:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40626-021-00195-0
Rustioni L, Basilico R, Fiori S, Leoni A, Maghradze D, Failla O (2013) Grape colour phenotyping: development of a method based on the reflectance spectrum. Phytochem Anal 24(5):453–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.2434
Sah SK, Reddy KR, Li J (2016) Abscisic acid and abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Front Plant Sci 7:571. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00571
Santos JA, Fraga H, Malheiro AC, Moutinho-Pereira J, Dinis LT, Correia C, Moriondo M, Leolini L, Dibari C, Costafreda-Aumedes S, Kartschall T, Menz C, Molitor D, Junk J, Beyer M, Schultz HR (2020) A review of the potential climate change impacts and adaptation options for European viticulture. Appl Sci 10(9):3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093092
Schachtman DP, Goodger JQD (2008) Chemical root to shoot signaling under drought. Trends Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.04.003
Sharma S, Verslues PE (2010) Mechanisms independent of abscisic acid (ABA) or proline feedback have a predominant role in transcriptional regulation of proline metabolism during low water potential and stress recovery. Plant Cell Environt 33(11):1838–1851. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-3040.2010.02188.X
Soar CJ, Speirs J, Maffei SM, Penrose AB, McCarthy MG, Loveys BR (2006) Grapevine varieties Shiraz and Grenache differ in their stomatal response to VPD: apparent links with ABA physiology and gene expression in leaf tissue. Aust J Grape Wine Res 12(1):2–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2006.tb00038.x
Stines AP, Naylor DJ, Høj PB, van Heeswijck R (1999) Proline accumulation in developing grapevine fruit occurs independently of changes in the levels of δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase mRNA or protein. Plant Physiol 120(3):923–931. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.120.3.923
Tesfaye SG, Ismail MR, Ramlan MF, Marziah M, Kausar H (2014) Effect of soil drying on rate of stress development, leaf gas exchange and proline accumulation in robusta coffee (Coffea Canephora Pierre Ex Froehner) clones. Exp Agric 50(3):458–479. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001447971300063X
Trenti M, Lorenzi S, Bianchedi PL, Grossi D, Failla O, Grando MS, Emanuelli F (2021) Candidate genes and SNPs associated with stomatal conductance under drought stress in Vitis. BMC Plant Biol 21(7):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02739-z
Ulaş S, Güler A, Candemir A (2014) Effect of rootstocks on different physiological parameters in some grape cultivars (in Turkish with English abstract). Turkjans, vol Special Isue 1, pp 1097–1100
Vandegehuchte MW, Bloemen J, Vergeynst LL, Steppe K (2015) Woody tissue photosynthesis in trees: Salve on the wounds of drought? New Phytol 208(4):998–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13599
Verdenal T, Dienes-Nagy Á, Zufferey V, Spring JL, Viret O, Marin-Carbonne J, van Leeuwen C (2021) Understanding and managing nitrogen nutrition in grapevine: a review. Oeno One 55(1):1–44. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.1.3866
Villar L, Borghezan M, Silva AL, Canton M (2012) Correlação entre fotossíntese e pigmentos foliares de variedades de videira cultivadas em São Joaquim, SC. In: XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Fruticultura. Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
Villette J, Cuéllar T, Verdeil JL, Delrot S, Gaillard I (2020) Grapevine potassium nutrition and fruit quality in the context of climate change. Front Plant Sci 11:123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00123
Wang Z, Zheng P, Meng J, Xi Z (2015) Effect of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf surface morphology and cellular ultrastructure of grape seedlings (Vitis vinifera L.) under water stress. Acta Physiol Plant 37:1729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1729-z
Winkler AJ, Cook JA, Kliewer WM, Lider LA (1974) General viticulture, 2nd edn. University of California Press, Berkeley
Zandalinas SI, Rivero RM, Martínez V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Arbona V (2016) Tolerance of citrus plants to the combination of high temperatures and drought is associated to the increase in transpiration modulated by a reduction in abscisic acid levels. BMC Plant Biol 16:105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-016-0791-7
Zulini L, Rubinigg M, Zorer R, Bertamini M (2007) Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments in grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera cv. ’White Riesling’). Acta Hortic 754:289–294. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.754.37
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all editors, reviewers, and the agronomists Jannat Khan, Ecem Kübra Demirkapı, and Şevval Vural for their contribution to the field and laboratory works. Authors would also like to thank Sigfrido Romeo for corrections in the text.
Funding
This study was carried out under the project TAGEM/BBAD/B/19/A1/P6/06, which was supported and funded by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Authors S. Candar and E. Bahar planned and designed the trial. S. Candar performed the field experiments and made statistical analysis. G.U. Seçkin performed laboratory analyzes. T. Kizildeniz, İ. Korkutal and E. Bahar made critical revisions of the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
S. Candar, G.U. Seçkin, T. Kizildeniz, İ. Korkutal, and E. Bahar declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature oder sein Lizenzgeber (z.B. eine Gesellschaft oder ein*e andere*r Vertragspartner*in) hält die ausschließlichen Nutzungsrechte an diesem Artikel kraft eines Verlagsvertrags mit dem/den Autor*in(nen) oder anderen Rechteinhaber*in(nen); die Selbstarchivierung der akzeptierten Manuskriptversion dieses Artikels durch Autor*in(nen) unterliegt ausschließlich den Bedingungen dieses Verlagsvertrags und dem geltenden Recht.
About this article
Cite this article
Candar, S., Seçkin, G.U., Kizildeniz, T. et al. Variations of Chlorophyll, Proline, and Abscisic Acid (ABA) Contents in Grapevines (Vitis Vinifera L.) Under Water Deficit Conditions. Erwerbs-Obstbau 65, 1965–1977 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-023-00875-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-023-00875-y