Abstract
The rising pollution by synthetic dyes from the textile industry is a serious health problem calling for safer chemicals and textile production methods. As an alternative, bio-based colorants are increasingly used for food, cosmetics, flavors, medical applications. Here we review bio-based textile dyeing with focus on dye classification, methods to improve dyeing, and mordants and bio-mordants. Dyes are classified according to their origin such as plant, animal, mineral, microbes, and waste; their chemical structure, e.g., indigoid, flavonoid, and tannin dyes; their color; and their application such as mordant dyes and direct dyes. Methods to improve dyeing include sonication, plasma, ultraviolet, microwave, and gamma irradiation. Most bio-based dyes are biodegradable, renewable, non-hazardous, non-allergic, and simple to use. Yet bio-based dyes are limited by poor color fastness and a constrained palette of shades. These limitations can be resolved by using mordants on textile materials. Bio-mordants enhance the bonding of natural dyes to the fabric, resulting in textiles that exhibit excellent washing fastness.
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Copyright © 2021, Elsevier.; Interaction of bio-mordants with chlorogenic acid and cotton (b). Reproduced with permission (Adeel et al. 2023b). Copyright © 2023, Emerald Publishing; Proposed interaction mechanism among bio-mordant, silk fabric and MLs dye extract (c). Reproduced with permission (Jabar et al. 2023). Copyright © 2023, Elsevier; The mechanism of dyes, mordants and cellulosic fiber (d). Reproduced with permission (Hosen et al. 2021). Copyright © 2021, Elsevier
Copyright © 2022, Elsevier. Here, SP- Soy protein, SGC- Syzygium cumini
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Technical supports from the “ZR Research Institute for Advanced Materials,” Sherpur-2100, Bangladesh, are gratefully acknowledged.
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MRR is involved in conceptualization, methodology, data collection and writing—original draft, supervision, content approval; BD in data collection and writing—original draft; MAR in data collection and writing—original draft; SJ in writing—review and editing; AH in writing—review and editing; MAA in writing—review and editing; EK in writing—review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Repon, M.R., Dev, B., Rahman, M.A. et al. Textile dyeing using natural mordants and dyes: a review. Environ Chem Lett 22, 1473–1520 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01716-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01716-4