Abstract
The global plastic production has steadily increased from 1.7 million tons in 1950 to over 400 million tons in 2022, with about 60% of plastic ultimately ending up in landfills and oceans. There is also growing evidence that microplastics exert negative effects on biota and ecosystems. Biodegradable plastics may represent a safe alternative, yet their potential adverse effects have not been comprehensively analyzed. Here, we reviewed biodegradable plastics, with focus on their conversion into microplastics, their interactions with pollutants, and their combined toxicity for aquatic biota. Biodegradable plastics include polylactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polybutylene succinate, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), and poly(ε-caprolactone). We found that some biobased plastics are hardly biodegradable. Some biobased plastics are compostable but require specific environmental conditions for their biodegradation. Biobased plastics can generate microplastics when released into the environment, which can impact biota. Contrary to the common public belief, biodegradable plastics may not only originate from biosources but can be synthesized from fossil fuels. Microplastics originating from biodegradable plastics can interact with pollutants, adsorbing and transporting these pollutants, resulting in synergistic or antagonistic effects on exposed organisms. Biofilm formation on microplastics impacts their degradation and pollutant interactions.
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Acknowledgments
We acknowledge PRIORITY COST ACTION CA20101 for Short Term Scientific Mission grant. We also acknowledge the French government through the Program “Investissements d’avenir” (I-SITE ULNE/ANR-16-IDEX-0004 ULNE) managed by the National Research Agency. The authors are also grateful to the editor for their valuable comments on the manuscript, which have significantly improved the quality of the manuscript.
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This work was funded by Program for Early-Stage Researchers in Lille (PEARL), coordinated by Foundation I-SITE ULNE, for funding through the project “Assessing the toxicity of plastic fragments on zooplankton ecology via video tracking and behavioral analysis” (TOPAZ). This paper is part of the contribution to the CPER IDEAL 2021–2027 project funded by the Hauts-de-France region, the French government, Europe (FEDER), and IFREMER.
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WA and HJ contributed equally to the data collection, analysis, visualization, and writing of the original draft. JS Lee was involved in supervising, reviewing, editing, and formatting. PZ and SS contributed to supervising, reviewing, editing, and funding acquisition.
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Ali, W., Jeong, H., Lee, JS. et al. Biodegradable microplastics interaction with pollutants and their potential toxicity for aquatic biota: a review. Environ Chem Lett 22, 1185–1220 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01703-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01703-9