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Co-processing plastics waste and biomass by pyrolysis–gasification: a review

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Abstract

Escalating global population and expanding industrialisation have significantly contributed to an increased demand for plastics. Methods for plastic waste disposal predominantly involve landfilling, which consumes space and pollutes soil and water bodies, posing a substantial threat to the environment and public health. The critical challenge herein lies in efficiently managing the abundant biomass and plastics waste. Here we review gasification and pyrolysis, two prominent waste treatment processes. Co-pyrolysis of plastics and biomass exhibits a synergistic effect, significantly enhancing the yield and quality of bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. Integration of gasification and pyrolysis reduces activation energy, increases hydrogen production during co-gasification, and improves bio-oil calorific value. The gasification of polyethylene terephthalate with air in the presence of activated carbon limits tar formation with enhanced syngas production. Steam gasification enhances hydrogen generation by up to 40.0% compared to air gasification. Selective catalysts in the integrated pyrolysis–gasification process of biomass and plastics mixtures demonstrate optimisation of the production of high-purity carbon nanotubes and bio-oil. Application of innovative approaches such as microwaves, steam purging, and catalysts like zeolite or composite catalysts enhance heat transfer mechanism, tar cracking, and devolatilisation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank University of Technology Sarawak for financial support under UTS Internal Research Grant (UCTS/RESEARCH/1/2023/04) to perform this project. The authors acknowledge the financial support by the Education University of Hong Kong to perform this project under International Grant (UMT/International Grant/2021/53456). The authors would like to thank Yuan Ze University and Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences for the facilities and support provided.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China

    Peter Nai Yuh Yek & Xiangmeng Chen

  2. Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, University of Technology Sarawak, No. 1, Jalan Universiti, 96000, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Peter Nai Yuh Yek

  3. PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Yi Herng Chan

  4. Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Shin Ying Foong, Wan Adibah Wan Mahari & Su Shiung Lam

  5. NV WESTERN PLT, No. 208B, Second Floor, Macalister Road, 10400, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia

    Rock Keey Liew

  6. BIOSES Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia

    Nyuk Ling Ma

  7. Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India

    Nyuk Ling Ma

  8. Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong

    Yiu Fai Tsang

  9. Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark

    Christian Sonne

  10. Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India

    Christian Sonne

  11. NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, Singapore, 138602, Singapore

    Yoke Wang Cheng

  12. Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore

    Yoke Wang Cheng

  13. Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Yie Hua Tan

  14. Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Su Shiung Lam

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  1. Peter Nai Yuh Yek
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  2. Yi Herng Chan
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  3. Shin Ying Foong
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  4. Wan Adibah Wan Mahari
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  5. Xiangmeng Chen
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  6. Rock Keey Liew
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  7. Nyuk Ling Ma
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  8. Yiu Fai Tsang
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  9. Christian Sonne
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  10. Yoke Wang Cheng
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  11. Yie Hua Tan
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  12. Su Shiung Lam
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Contributions

PNYY was involved in conceptualisation, methodology, investigation, writing, review editing. SYF, YHC, YFT, XC, NLM and WAWM contributed to writing, review, editing. RKL, CS, YWC: and YHT were involved in conceptualisation, methodology, writing, review, editing. SSL contributed to conceptualisation, methodology, writing, review, editing, supervision, funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Xiangmeng Chen, Rock Keey Liew or Su Shiung Lam.

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Yek, P.N.Y., Chan, Y.H., Foong, S.Y. et al. Co-processing plastics waste and biomass by pyrolysis–gasification: a review. Environ Chem Lett 22, 171–188 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01654-7

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