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Organic substances in xylem sap delivered to above-ground organs by the roots

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Abstract

Squash (Cucurbita maxima) xylem sap, an apoplastic fluid, contains t-zeatin riboside, glutamine, methylglycine, myo-inositol, fructose, oligosaccharides of arabinogalactan, glucan, galacturonan, and pectins (rhamnogalacturonan-I and rhamnogalacturonan-II), as well as various proteins, including arabinogalactan and pathogen-related proteins. These substances are mainly produced in stele (xylem) parenchyma and the pericycle in the root-hair zone where ion transporter genes are expressed. Glycine-rich protein genes (CRGRPs) cloned by antiserum raised against whole xylem sap of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were abundantly expressed in the parenchyma cells surrounding xylem vessels in the root-hair zone. CRGRP proteins accumulated and immobilized in the lignified walls of metaxylem vessels and perivascular fibers in shoots, suggesting a systemic delivery mechanism of wall materials via xylem sap. A major 30-kDa protein (XSP30) found in cucumber xylem sap was homologous to the B chains of a lectin (ricin) and bound to a nonfucosylated core N-acetylglucosamine dimer of N-linked glycoproteins abundant in leaf parenchyma cells. XSP30 gene expression, abundant in root xylem parenchyma and pericycle, and the level of XSP30 protein fluctuated diurnally under the control of a circadian clock, and the amplitude was up-regulated by gibberellic acid produced in young leaves, suggesting a long-distance control system between organs.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from the “Research for the Future” Program of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSP-RFTF97L00601).

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  1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan

    Shinobu Satoh

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Satoh, S. Organic substances in xylem sap delivered to above-ground organs by the roots. J Plant Res 119, 179–187 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-005-0257-8

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