Abstract
Sea surface temperature (SST) cooling is a typical ocean response to tropical cyclones (TCs). Previous studies have shown that TC-induced SST cooling is influenced by the TC characteristics, ocean stratification, and background vorticity. However, whether internal tides (ITs) affect TC-induced SST cooling remains unclear. Based on a series of numerical simulations in the South China Sea, the influence of ITs on TC-induced SST cooling is explored in this study. Results indicate that ITs can enhance TC-induced SST cooling by 0.2 − 0.4 °C in the Luzon Strait. Temperature budget analysis shows that ITs modulate the SST cooling mainly through changing the vertical mixing and advection. In the Luzon Strait, ITs enhance the vertical mixing but suppress the vertical advection. Because the contribution of vertical mixing to SST cooling is one order of magnitude higher than that of vertical advection, ITs enhance TC-induced SST cooling in the Luzon Strait mainly through enhancing the vertical mixing. Moreover, the enhancements of vertical mixing and SST cooling induced by ITs are found to be related to the TC characteristics. One reason is that in addition to ITs, the high-frequency waves generated by the interaction between TC-induced near-inertial waves and ITs also contribute to the shear and hence the turbulent mixing.
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Data availability
The CROCO code, barotropic tidal forcing data, and WOA09 data are available at www.croco-ocean.org. The ETOPO1 bathymetry data are available at www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-age/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ngdc.mgg.dem: 316. The Tropical Cyclone best track data are available at http://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn. The simulated results in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Funding
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number: 42176002) and the open fund of the State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (Grant number: QNHX2218).
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Appendix. Sensitivities of simulated SST cooling to horizontal model resolution and vertical sigma layers
Appendix. Sensitivities of simulated SST cooling to horizontal model resolution and vertical sigma layers
To explore the influences of horizontal model resolution and the number of vertical sigma layers on the SST cooling in CROCO, sensitivity experiments are carried out based on Exp2. Detailed settings of these sensitivity experiments are listed in Table 2
Figure 12 shows the spatial distribution of SST cooling in these sensitivity experiments, and Fig. 13 shows the SST cooling averaged in the Luzon Strait (dashed box in Fig. 12). Results indicate that the horizontal model resolution influences the simulated SST cooling, i.e., lower horizontal resolution (e.g. 1/5° and 1/10°) leads to smaller SST cooling. When the horizontal resolution is sufficiently finer (e.g., 1/15° and 1/20°), the simulated SST cooling tends to be stable. In contrast, the number of vertical sigma layers has little effect on the simulated SST cooling. Based on these results, we use 1/20° horizontal resolution and 35 vertical sigma layers in the simulations of this study.
TC-induced SST cooling (shading, unit: °C) in the sensitivity experiments
The SST cooling averaged in the Luzon Strait in the sensitivity experiments
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Cheng, S., Cao, A., He, H. et al. Numerical study on the influence of internal tides on tropical-cyclone-induced sea surface temperature cooling in the South China Sea. Ocean Dynamics 73, 449–461 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01561-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-023-01561-z