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Theoretical and Numerical Investigations of the Failure Characteristics of a Faulted Coal Mine Floor Above a Confined Aquifer

Theoretische und numerische Untersuchungen zum Versagensverhalten eines gestörten Kohleliegend über einem gespannten Grundwasserleiter

Investigaciones teóricas y numéricas de las características de una falla en el piso de una mina de carbón sobre un acuífero confinado

理论与数值法研究承压含水层以上煤层断裂底板的破坏特征

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Abstract

Mechanical models were used to analyze the failure depth of faulted and faultless mine floors based on the limit equilibrium theory of rock mass. In addition, the failure characteristics and water-inrush pathways were numerically investigated. The results were then compared, along with in-situ observations to validate these models. The mining-induced failure zone (an asymmetric “inverted saddle” shape) near the mined-out area was larger in the floor strata beneath the area around the coalface than that near the open-off cut. The maximum fault-induced failure depth was approximately twice that of the intact floor, which was generally equivalent to the in-situ observations. Three characteristic zones in the floor strata were observed during the mining process in the numerical models: a mining-induced failure area, a water-impervious area, and a fault reactivation area. The formation of the failure zone can be roughly divided into an initial stage, a stable stage, and a mutation stage. This study provides an improved understanding for predicting fault-induced mine water-inrushes.

Zusammenfassung

Beim Kohleabbau über Grundwasserleitern besteht die Gefahr, dass Grundwasser durch Störungen eindringt. Mit Hilfe mechanischer Modelle wurde die Versagenstiefe von gestörtem und ungestörtem Liegend auf der Grundlage der Grenzgleichgewichtstheorie des Gebirges analysiert. Zusätzlich wurden die Versagens-Charakteristika und die Wassereinbruchswege numerisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden dann mit In-situ-Beobachtungen verglichen, um diese Modelle zu validieren. Die bergbauinduzierte Versagenszone (eine asymmetrische "umgekehrte Sattel"-Form) in der Nähe des abgebauten Bereichs war in den Liegendschichten unterhalb des Bereichs um die Ortsbrust größer als im angrenzenden Alten Mann. Die maximale störungsbedingte Versagenstiefe war etwa doppelt so groß wie die Mächtigkeit des intakten Liegend, was im Allgemeinen den in-situ-Beobachtungen entsprach. Im numerisch modellierten Abbauprozess wurden drei charakteristische Zonen in den Liegendschichten beobachtet: ein bergbauinduzierter Versagensbereich, ein wasserundurchlässiger Bereich und ein Bereich der Störungsreaktivierung. Die Bildung der Versagenszone kann grob in drei Phasen unterteilt werden: eine Anfangsphase, eine stabile Phase und eine Mutationsphase. Diese Studie liefert ein verbessertes Verständnis für die Vorhersage von störungsinduzierten Grubenwassereinbrüchen.

Resumen

Existe el riesgo de que las aguas subterráneas inunden a través de fallas cuando la extracción de carbón sobre los acuíferos. Se utilizaron modelos mecánicos para analizar la profundidad de las fallas de los suelos de las minas con o sin fallas, basándose en la teoría del equilibrio límite de la masa rocosa. Además, se investigaron numéricamente las características de las fallas y las vías de irrupción de agua. Los resultados y las observaciones in situ se usaron para validar estos modelos. La zona de fallo inducido por la minería (una forma asimétrica de "silla invertida") cerca de la zona extraída era mayor en los estratos del suelo bajo el área alrededor de la cara de trabajo. La profundidad máxima de la falla inducida por la mina era aproximadamente el doble de la del suelo intacto, lo que en general equivalía a las observaciones in situ. En los modelos numéricos se observaron tres zonas características en los estratos del suelo durante el proceso de explotación minera: una zona de fallo inducido por la minería; una zona de impermeabilización y una zona de reactivación de la falla. La formación de la zona de falla puede dividirse a grandes rasgos en tres etapas: una etapa inicial, una etapa estable y una etapa de mutación. Este estudio proporciona una mejor comprensión para predecir las irrupciones de agua en la mina inducidas por fallas.

抽象

含水层上采煤存在地下水通过断裂突水风险。依据岩体极限平衡理论, 用力学模型分析了有断层和无断层底板的破坏深度。利用数值法研究了底板破坏特征和突水通道。与现场观测结果对比, 验证了模型。工作面下方的采空区底板破坏区(非对称的 "倒马鞍 "形)比切眼附近更大。断层引起的底板最大破坏深度约是完整底板的两倍, 后者总体与现场观测结果一致。在数值模型内, 底板在开采过程中有三个特征区: 开采诱发破坏区、不透水区和断层再活化区。底板破坏区的形成大致分三个阶段: 初始阶段、稳定阶段和突变阶段。研究有助于更好预测断层诱发矿井突水。

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Acknowledgements

Mr. Wang Jianning provided great assistance with in-situ observations and data processing and Mrs. Wu Na provided constructive suggestions on the paper’s framework. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41977219, 51779031) and the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining (Grant SKLCRSMI9KFA02).

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Correspondence to Wencheng Song.

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Liang, Z., Song, W. Theoretical and Numerical Investigations of the Failure Characteristics of a Faulted Coal Mine Floor Above a Confined Aquifer. Mine Water Environ 40, 456–465 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-021-00780-4

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