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The origin and population divergence of Parabotia curtus (Botiidae: Cypriniformes), a relict loach in Japan

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Abstract

Parabotia curtus is the only botiid species in Japan, where its range is restricted to two small regions, Kinki and Sanyo. In this study, we performed molecular phylogenetic and population genetic analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this species. A time tree constructed based on mitochondrial genome data revealed that P. curtus was one of the earliest species derived from the most northward range-expanding botiid group (Parabotia) during the Late Miocene. A reduction in its distribution and population size during the Late Pleistocene was inferred from shallow but clear regional population divergence, as verified by mitochondrial sequence and microsatellite data. These results provide evidence that this species is a relict of an old layer of Japanese freshwater ichthyofauna and emphasize the need to conserve the Kinki and Sanyo populations as distinct evolutionary units.

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Acknowledgments

We deeply thank Masanari Matsuda (Lake Biwa Museum) and Kazuhiko Uehara (Biodiversity Center, Osaka) for providing materials and useful information, and the Kinki Regional Office and the Chugoku–Shikoku Regional Office of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan, Kameoka City, Okayama City, Kyoto Prefecture, and Okayama Prefecture for their support and permission. This work was partly supported by the Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund, the Fisheries Agency of Japan, and JSPS KAKENHI (nos. 18570086, 21370035, and 20H030090). This study complies with the current laws of Japan. We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Keita Ido & Katsutoshi Watanabe

  2. Biodiversity Research Division, Lago Co., Ltd, 396-2 Taga, Omihachiman, Shiga, 523-0821, Japan

    Tsukasa Abe

  3. Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Yoshida-Shimoadachicho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan

    Akihisa Iwata

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  1. Keita Ido
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Ido, K., Abe, T., Iwata, A. et al. The origin and population divergence of Parabotia curtus (Botiidae: Cypriniformes), a relict loach in Japan. Ichthyol Res 70, 256–267 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-022-00884-z

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