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Does Facebook use influence users’ psychological well-being (PWB)? A literature review on trends and psychological well-being effects of Facebook use

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Abstract

The association of Facebook use and users’ psychological well-being has attracted growing scholarly attention, yet the nature of this association remains contentious. A literature review was conducted to examine psychological well-being influences linked with Facebook use. A total of 36 articles, extracted from a Scopus database, met the inclusion criteria and were incorporated in the study. While most study results revealed that Facebook usage was positively linked with users' psychological well-being, negative links have also been identified, which have far-reaching implications for healthcare providers such as counselors, psychologists, and public health workers to be aware of its possible consequences on psychological well-being of users. We explain the variables that mediate and moderate the Facebook use–psychological well-being link (such as social factors, Facebook use frequency, individual differences, and problematic Facebook). The application of meta-analysis techniques is required to quantify the nature and path of the Facebook use–psychological well-being link.

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Abbreviations

GWB:

General well-being

FB:

Facebook

PWB:

Psychological well-being

SW:

Subjective well-being

WB:

Well-being

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan

    Melese Astatke, Cathy Weng & Hsuan Chen

Authors
  1. Melese Astatke
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  2. Cathy Weng
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Correspondence to Melese Astatke.

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Appendix: summary of reviewed articles

Appendix: summary of reviewed articles

No.

Authors

Sampling and recruitment

Data collection

Data analysis

Applied theories

Major findings

1

[23]

360 Korean college students

Online survey

Path analyses

None

Active use of FB increases life satisfaction through perceived social support, whereas passive use decreases life satisfaction through negative social comparison on FB

2

[19]

A cross-sectional model consisting of 140 countries on data from 2012 to 2017

World Happiness Database

Correlations

None

Facebook penetration is associated with happiness in a positive and significant way

3

[49]

224 US-based

participants

Questionnaire

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

SelfPresentation Theory

FB users reported greater happiness

4

[29]

2,349 adult Facebook users

Online survey

Correlation, multiple linear regression

None

A positive relationship existed between the frequency and intensity of positive feedback received by Facebook users and their perceived happiness

5

[50]

793 participants

Questionnaire

Structural equation modeling

None

Through upward social comparison, there was a positive significant indirect effect of passively using Facebook on life satisfaction

6

[51]

383 Facebook users in Vietnam

Questionnaire

Structural equation modeling

Social exchange theory, Social interaction theory, Well-being theory

Facebook use involvement positively influences social life satisfaction

7

[47]

286 Facebook members

Questionnaire

Descriptive analyses, repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVAs)

None

Excessive Facebook use reduces life satisfaction

8

[34]

25,726 younger adults and 982 older adults

Online survey

hierarchical regression modeling

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and Uses and Gratification theory

Life satisfaction varied according to age group as a result of participating in Facebook activities

9

[52]

555 Italian and

American Facebook users

Online survey

Path analysis

None

Facebook usage was linked to higher levels of life satisfaction in the USA

10

[44]

Study 1: N = 2,272 Study 2: N = 1,459

Questionnaire

Correlation analysis and experimental

None

More frequent use of Fb found to be correlated with significantly lower life satisfaction

11

[48]

358 Malaysian Facebook users

Questionnaire

Partial Least Squares

None

Facebook addiction had a negative indirect effect on life satisfaction

12

[1]

328 FB users consisting of employed and unemployed persons, school and university students

Questionnaire

Correlation analysis

None

A significant positive linkage between active use of FB and subjective happiness and narcissism

Increased use of FB greatly enhanced the positive connection between narcissism and happiness

13

[38]

332 (70.8% female), Mage = 21.5 yr., consisting of both students and non-students

Online questionnaire created using “Qualtrics”

Regression and correlation analysis

None

The number of friends on FB was an important indicator of subjective happiness

14

[31]

English college-level Urban population, N = 119(77female and 42 male).M age = 17.96

Questionnaire

Partial least squares SEM

None

Life satisfaction, personal circumstances, intent, and personality variations are probably to have mediating roles in the use of FB and happiness

15

[16]

Actual FB users recruited from Amazon.com Mechanical Turk platform (132 participants)

Two Experimental tests/Questionnaires

Correlation, factorial analysis

Self-determination theory

A true self on FB effectively satisfies the need for the competence of the high self-esteem user, which explains greater degrees of happiness

16

[42]

350 respondents

Survey

Correlation

Uses and gratification theory

Facebook may be a useful site for networking, but it can also be a poor service depending on how people use it. People use FB for multiple reasons and function systematically to achieve their objectives

17

[25]

2116 FB users

Survey

Covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM)

Social capital theory

Social contacts through SNS are important to individuals and businesses, as they direct efforts to improve social capital and, in particular, bridge social capital to improve the well-being of the individual

18

[27]

311 participants recruited online

An online survey using online survey monkey

Linear mixed modeling (LMM), Regression

Self-determination Theory (Ryan and Deci, 2000)

Receiving more comments and likes regarding one's status updates was linked with showing better happiness and self-esteem

19

[39]

401 participants (age 13–16 yrs.) recruited from secondary school in Malaysia

Self-reported measures/Likert scale

SEM

None

Emotional dependency on FB has a detrimental effect on the overall PWB of adolescents

Influence on autonomy, purpose in life, and a positive link with others was more pronounced

20

[36]

335 Christians recruited in an online survey through a series of FB advertisement

Online survey

Exploratory factor analysis

Use and gratification theory

Those who use FB frequently to post, like, comment, and who are more religious and share faith-based content are more likely to minister to others

21

[1]

945 participants (790 FB users, 155 non-FB users

Questionnaire

One-way MANOVA, Two-way MANOVA, correlation and regression analysis

None

The ideals of social support, subjective happiness of FB users, and life satisfaction are significantly higher than those of non-users

Non-users on FB have significantly higher depression symptom levels than users on FB

22

[31]

297 college students

Survey

Structural Equation modeling analysis

Locke’s (1976) Satisfaction Theory

Well-being and Strong support for satisfaction are a crucial element in the continuity of purpose and loyalty

23

[37]

459 high school students recruited from Bolu District—Turkey

SNS questionnaire

SEM analysis

None

SNS such as FB use expected happiness levels, PWB, and life satisfaction levels

The social network usage of high school students is a significant factor in terms of maintaining students PWB, making happy and life satisfaction

24

[43]

200 Israeli adolescents and young adults

Questionnaire

Correlation

None

FB use has been positively correlated with PWB and this linkage has been particularly strong for low mental resilience participants

25

[2]

207 Americans and 194 Germanies

Online questionnaire /experimental

Exploratory and correlation

None

Positive emotions are more prevalent in FB browsing than negative emotions

Tie strength is positively correlated with benevolent envy and feeling happiness, while malicious envy is independent of tie strength after viewing a positive FB poster

26

[21]

College students (The initial survey 428 students and Second survey 428)

Two Surveys

Factor analyses, ANOVAs, and canonical correlation

Social comparison theory

The findings of two college student surveys show a discrepancy between the use of FB and the perceived contentment of users with their lives

Interactions between respondents and photographs and videos, in particular, increase frustration among users

27

[26]

682 Taiwanese university students

FB Psychological Involvement Scale FPIS

SEM-based correlation

None

The correlations between internet addiction/positive-psychological states (PPS) and FPIS have been significantly stronger than those of use time and the number of FB friends, suggesting that FPIS is a more accurate indicator of the psychological consequences of FB use

28

[22]

305 university students at Sakarya University Faculty of Education, Turkey

Questionnaire (FB addiction scale)

Correlation analysis

None

FB use has negative expected social security and life satisfaction. On the other hand, social protection positively predicted life satisfaction. Additionally, social security-focused on the link between the use of FB and life satisfaction

29

[41]

647 FB users (18 years old or older, female and pregnant or have at least 1 child under the age of 5 yrs.)

Online survey

Correlation analysis

None

The engagement has a positive link with the motivations for stimulating content, creative sharing of information, social interaction, and seeking information

30

[20]

311 university students (179 female and 132 male), Mage = 20.86 yr

Questionnaire

Correlation and Stepwise regression

None

Lower well-being is associated with more problematic use of FB

31

[30]

4701 FB users

An online survey using the FB application programmed

Regression

None

Extraversion had a positive direct impact on happiness ratings and life satisfaction

32

Wang et al., 2014

An average of 34 FB users a day for a year

Questionnaire

Correlation

None

FGNH and SWLS, with a negative correlation coefficient, were not significantly correlated

In status updates, aggregated SWLS scores demonstrated a positive link with the negative word amounts

33

[33]

297 university students (157 female and 140 male), M age = 20.1 yr

Questionnaire/FB addiction scale

Hierarchical regression analysis

None

The link between subjective vitality and subjective happiness was partially mediated by FB addiction

34

[28]

425 undergraduate students recruited from State University in Utah

Questionnaire

Multivariate analysis

None

Those who have been using FB longer agree more than others are happy and agree less that life is fair, and those who spend more time on FB every week agree more than others are happier and have better lives

35

[17]

30 healthy subjects

Experimental

Correlation analysis

Flow theory

The FB experience was significantly different on many spectral and linear measures of somatic behavior than on stress and relaxation

Biological signals have shown that the use of FB can give rise to a psycho-physiological condition associated with high positive valence and high excitement (Core Flow Condition)

36

[24]

391FB user college students

Survey

Structural equation modeling (SEM)

None

The number of FB friends had a positive linkage with subjective well-being, but perceived social support did not mediate this connection

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Astatke, M., Weng, C. & Chen, H. Does Facebook use influence users’ psychological well-being (PWB)? A literature review on trends and psychological well-being effects of Facebook use. Univ Access Inf Soc 23, 141–153 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-022-00938-z

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