Abstract
Klotho, a putative aging suppressor, shares sequence similarity with members of the glycosidase family 1. It has been identified in several vertebrate species, but only mouse Klotho has so far been proven to exhibit β-glucuronidase activity. Thus, the argument that Klotho from animals other than mouse has glycosidase activity remains open. Moreover, little information is available regarding the structure-activity relationship of Klotho. Here, we demonstrate the presence of a single klotho gene in the amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum, Bjklotho, which possesses two tandem domains named BjKL1 and BjKL2, and each of them has two glutamic acid residues that have been shown to be involved in the catalytic activity of family 1 glycosidase. Enzymatic activity assays of the recombinant proteins BjKL1 and BjKL2 revealed that only BjKL2 displayed β-glucosidase activity, but BjKL1 did not. Structural analysis showed that there existed nine consecutive but not conserved residues in the β6α6 loop, which affects the conformational form in the entrance to the catalytic pocket of BjKL1 and BjKL2, thereby leading to a subtle difference in the enzyme-substrate binding and interaction. Furthermore, the substitution of the nine residues 354QNRVDPNDT362 in BjKL1 by the residues 884EDNVVVGAA892 in BjKL2 resulted in significant increase in β-glucosidase activity in the BjKL1 mutant. Our results indicate that BjKL2 possesses β-glucosidase, the first data as such in invertebrates. We also identify, for the first time, the residues 884EDNVVVGAA892 in BjKL2 a sequence critical and indispensable for glucosidase.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrukhova O, Smorodchenko A, Egerbacher M, Streicher C, Zeitz U, Goetz R, Shalhoub V, Mohammadi M, Pohl EE, Lanske B, Erben RG (2014) FGF23 promotes renal calcium reabsorption through the TRPV5 channel. EMBO J 33:229–246
Bertrand S, Camasses A, Somorjai I, Belgacem MR, Chabrol O, Escande ML, Pontarotti P, Escriva H (2011) Amphioxus FGF signaling predicts the acquisition of vertebrate morphological traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:9160–9165
Bloch L, Sineshchekova O, Reichenbach D, Reiss K, Saftig P, Kuro-O M, Kaether C (2009) Klotho is a substrate for α-, β- and γ-secretase. FEBS Lett 583:3221–3224
Cha SK, Hu MC, Kurosu H, Kuro-o M, Moe O, Huang CL (2009) Regulation of renal outer medullary potassium channel and renal K+ excretion by klotho. Mol Pharmacol 76:38–46
Chen G, Liu Y, Goetz R, Fu L, Jayaraman S, Hu MC, Moe OW, Liang G, Li X, Mohammadi M (2018) α-Klotho is a non-enzymatic molecular scaffold for FGF23 hormone signalling. Nature 553:461–466
Chenna R, Sugawara H, Koike T, Lopez R, Gibson TJ, Higgins DG, Thompson JD (2003) Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Res 31:3497–3500
Chester MA, Hultberg B, Ockerman PA (1976) The common identity of five glycosidases in human liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 429:517–526
Chtȃeau MT, Araiz C, Descamps S, Galas S (2010) Klotho interferes with a novel FGF-signalling pathway and insulin/Igf-like signalling to improve longevity and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging 2:567–581
Gazdhar A, Ravikumar P, Pastor J, Heller M, Ye J, Zhang J, Moe OW, Geiser T, Hsia CCW (2017) Alpha-klotho enrichment in induced pluripotent stem cell secretome contributes to antioxidative protection in acute lung injury. Stem Cells 36:616–625
Goetz R, Beenken A, Ibrahimi OA, Kalinina J, Olsen SK, Eliseenkova AV, Xu C, Neubert TA, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Yu X, White KE, Inagaki T, Kliewer SA, Yamamoto M, Kurosu H, Ogawa Y, Kuro-o M, Lanske B, Razzaque MS, Mohammadi M (2007) Molecular insights into the klotho-dependent, endocrine mode of action of fibroblast growth factor 19 subfamily members. Mol Cell Biol 27:3417–3428
Hayashi Y, Okino N, Kakuta Y, Shikanai T, Tani M, Narimatsu H, Ito M (2007) Klotho-related protein is a novel cytosolic neutral beta-glycosylceramidase. J Biol Chem 282:30889–30900
Henrissat B, Davies G (1997) Structural and sequence-based classification of glycoside hydrolases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 7:637–644
Kim JH, Hwang KH, Park KS, Kong ID, Cha SK (2015) Biological role of anti-aging protein klotho. J Lifestyle Med 5:1–6
Kuro-o M, Matsumura Y, Aizawa H, Kawaguchi H, Suga T, Utsugi T, Ohyama Y, Kurabayashi M, Kaname T, Kume E, Iwasaki H, Iida A, Shiraki-Iida T, Nishikawa S, Nagai R, Nabeshima YI (1997) Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature 390:45–51
Kurosu H, Yamamoto M, Clark JD, Pastor JV, Nandi A, Gurnani P, Mcguinness OP, Chikuda H, Yamaguchi M, Kawaguchi H, Shimomura I, Takayama Y, Herz J, Kahn CR, Rosenblatt KP, Kuro-o M (2005) Suppression of aging in mice by the hormone Klotho. Science 309:1829–1833
Kurosu H, Ogawa Y, Miyoshi M, Yamamoto M, Nandi A, Rosenblatt KP, Baum MG, Schiavi S, Hu MC, Moe OW, Kuro-o M (2006) Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 signaling by klotho. J Biol Chem 281:6120–6123
Lamarco KL, Glew RH (1985) Galactosylsphingosine inhibition of the broad-specificity cytosolic beta-glucosidase of human liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 236:669–676
Lee S, Choi J, Mohanty J, Sousa LP, Tome F, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Lemmon MA, Lax I, Schlessinger J (2018) Structures of β-klotho reveal a ‘zip code’-like mechanism for endocrine FGF signalling. Nature 553:501–505
Legler G, Bieberich E (1988) Isolation of a cytosolic beta-glucosidase from calf liver and characterization of its active site with alkyl glucosides and basic glycosyl derivatives. Arch Biochem Biophys 260:427–436
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 25:402–408
Matern H, Heinemann H, Legler G, Matern S (1997) Purification and characterization of a microsomal bile acid β-glucosidase from human liver. J Biol Chem 272:11261–11267
Matsumura Y, Aizawa H, Shiraki-Iida T, Nagai R, Kuro-o M, Nabeshima Y (1998) Identification of the human klotho gene and its two transcripts encoding membrane and secreted Klotho protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 242:626–630
Mccarter JD, Withers SG (1994) Mechanisms of enzymatic glycoside hydrolysis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 4:885–892
Ohyama Y, Kurabayashi M, Masuda H, Nakamura T, Aihara Y, Kaname T, Suga T, Arai M, Aizawa H, Matsumura Y, Kuro-o M, Nabeshima Y, Nagail R (1998) Molecular cloning of rat klotho cDNA: markedly decreased expression of klotho by acute inflammatory stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 251:920–925
Polanska UM, Edwards E, Fernig DG, Kinnunen TK (2011) The cooperation of FGF receptor and Klotho is involved in excretory canal development and regulation of metabolic homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 286:5657–5666
Qu B, Yang S, Ma Z, Gao Z, Zhang S (2016) A new LDLa domain-containing C-type lectin with bacterial agglutinating and binding activity in amphioxus. Gene 594:220–228
Roy A, Kucukural A, Zhang Y (2010) I-TASSER: a unified platform for automated protein structure and function prediction. Nat Protoc 5:725–738
Roy A, Yang J, Zhang Y (2012) COFACTOR: an accurate comparative algorithm for structure-based protein function annotation. Nucleic Acids Res 40:W471–W477
Rye CS, Withers SG (2000) Glycosidase mechanisms. Curr Opin Chem Biol 4:573–580
Schutzbach JS, Forsee WT (1990) Calcium ion activation of rabbit liver alpha 1,2-mannosidase. J Biol Chem 265:2546–2549
Shiraki-Iida T, Aizawa H, Matsumura Y, Sekine S, Iida A, Anazawa H, Nagai R, Kuro-o M, Nabeshima YI (1998) Structure of the mouse klotho gene and its two transcripts encoding membrane and secreted protein. FEBS Lett 424:6–10
Sugano Y, Lardelli M (2011) Identification and expression analysis of the zebrafish orthologue of Klotho. Dev Genes Evol 221:179–186
Tohyama O, Imura A, Iwano A, Freund JN, Henrissat B, Fujimori T, Nabeshima Y (2004) Klotho is a novel β-glucuronidase capable of hydrolyzing steroid β-glucuronides. J Biol Chem 279:9777–9784
Urakawa I, Yamazaki Y, Shimada T, Iijima K, Hasegawa H, Okawa K, Fujita T, Fukumoto S, Yamashita T (2006) Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature 444:770–774
Wallace AC, Laskowski RA, Thornton JM (1995) LIGPLOT: a program to generate schematic diagrams of protein-ligand interactions. Protein Eng 8:127–134
Wang Y, Sun Z (2009) Current understanding of klotho. Ageing Res Rev 8:43–51
Wang Y, Zhang S (2012) EF1α is a useful internal reference for studies of gene expression regulation in amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum. Fish Shellfish Immunol 32:1068–1073
Xu Y, Sun Z (2015) Molecular basis of Klotho: from gene to function in aging. Endocr Rev 36:174–193
Yahata K, Mori K, Arai H, Koide S, Ogawa Y, Mukoyama M, Sugawara A, Ozaki S, Tanaka I, Nabeshima Y, Nakao K (2000) Molecular cloning and expression of a novel klotho-related protein. J Mol Med 78:389–394
Yamamoto M, Clark JD, Pastor JV, Gurnani P, Nandi A, Kurosu H, Miyoshi M, Ogawa Y, Castrillon DH, Rosenblatt KP, Kuro-o M (2005) Regulation of oxidative stress by the anti-aging hormone klotho. J Biol Chem 280:38029–38034
Zhang Y (2008) I-TASSER server for protein 3D structure prediction. BMC Bioinformatics 9:40
Zhou L, Mo H, Miao J, Zhou D, Tan RJ, Hou FF, Liu Y (2015) Klotho ameliorates kidney injury and fibrosis and normalizes blood pressure by targeting the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Pathol 185:3211–3223
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the substantive input from all members of the Evolution & Development laboratory.
Funding
This work was supported by the grants of the Natural Science Foundation of China (31601862; U1401211).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic Supplementary Material
ESM 1
(PDF 4326 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, Z., Qu, B., Zhong, S. et al. Subtle Difference Generates Big Dissimilarity: Comparison of Enzymatic Activity in KL1 and KL2 Domains of Lancelet Klotho. Mar Biotechnol 21, 448–462 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-019-09891-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-019-09891-0