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Development of sodium propionate-based deep eutectic solvents for polyphenol extraction from onion solid wastes

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Abstract

The objective of the study presented herein was the optimisation of onion solid waste (OSW) polyphenol extraction, using sodium propionate-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and process variables optimised through response surface methodology. Initial screening of several novel DESs composed of either L-lactic acid or glycerol as hydrogen bond donors, and sodium propionate as the hydrogen bond acceptor, showed that the DES with glycerol/sodium propionate at a molar ratio 8:1 was the highest-performing system. Extraction optimisation showed that theoretical optimal settings were 85% (w/w) aqueous DES, 100 mL g−1 liquid-to-solid ratio and a stirring speed of 900 rpm. Under these conditions, the temperature assay demonstrated that extraction may be performed at 80 °C, without compromising total polyphenol yield and antioxidant activity. Comparison with other green solvents showed that the DES tested could provide extracts with high flavonoid concentration and superior ferric-reducing power. The stability test performed over a period of 30 days suggested that OSW extract may suffer no significant alterations in the polyphenolic profile, but the antiradical activity may be enhanced. Changes in the antioxidant behaviour were not correlated with changes in the two major OSW constituents, quercetin 4′-O-glucoside and quercetin.

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Abbreviations

A AR :

Antiradical activity (μmol DPPH g−1)

C DES :

Deep eutectic solvent concentration (% w/w)

C TFn :

Total flavonoid concentration (mg RtE L−1)

C TP :

Total polyphenol concentration (mg CAE L−1)

dm:

Dry mass (g)

P R :

Reducing power (μmol AAE g−1)

\( R_{\text{mol}}^{{{\text{D}}/{\text{A}}}} \) :

HBD/HBA molar ratio (dimensionless)

R L/S :

Liquid-to-solid ratio (mL g−1)

T :

Temperature (°C)

Y TFn :

Yield in total flavonoids (mg RtE g−1)

Y TP :

Yield in total polyphenols (mg GAE g−1)

AAE:

Ascorbic acid equivalents

CAE:

Caffeic acid equivalents

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical

GL:

Glycerol

HBA:

Hydrogen bond acceptor

HBD:

Hydrogen bond donor

LA:

Lactic acid

OSWs:

Onion solid wastes

RtE:

Rutin equivalents

TPTZ:

2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Quality and Chemistry of Natural Products, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (M.A.I.Ch.), International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM), P.O. Box 85, 73100, Chania, Greece

    Ifigenia Stefou, Spyros Grigorakis & Sofia Loupassaki

  2. Green Processes & Biorefinery Group, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, N. Temponera Street, 43100, Karditsa, Greece

    Dimitris P. Makris

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  1. Ifigenia Stefou
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  2. Spyros Grigorakis
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  3. Sofia Loupassaki
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  4. Dimitris P. Makris
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Correspondence to Dimitris P. Makris.

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Stefou, I., Grigorakis, S., Loupassaki, S. et al. Development of sodium propionate-based deep eutectic solvents for polyphenol extraction from onion solid wastes. Clean Techn Environ Policy 21, 1563–1574 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01727-8

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