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Hydrogeological assessment and estimation of groundwater inflow into the water transmission tunnel to Urmia Lake, Northwestern Iran

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Abstract

This study evaluated the hydrogeological status of the route for the water transmission tunnel from the Kanisib Dam to the Urmia Lake (UL) in northwestern Iran. The volume of water inflow into the tunnel was additionally predicted by the analytical, empirical, and numerical methods. The data used in this study were collected from geophysical analysis, borehole drilling, pressure changes at different depths of aquifers using composite piezometers, Lefranc permeability test, and pumping test. Based on the distribution of permeability, this route is divided into ten hydrogeological zones. Accordingly, the highest amount of water inflow into the tunnel is expected to occur in the middle sections of the tunnel route. The water inflow calculated by analytical, experimental, and numerical methods in this zone are about 20, 8, and 38 L/s per 12-m length of the Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) shield, respectively. The results show that zones 4, 5, and 6 have more potential in terms of water entering the tunnel. They can be considered critical hydrogeological zones that require more technical and control considerations to prevent water leakage into the tunnel area and reduction in drilling speed or possible damage to equipment. The measured water inflow rate in the drilled zones showed that the numerical and analytical calculations have good accuracy in estimating the water inflow rate into the tunnel.

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Financial support for the research presented in this paper was granted by the Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarter.

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  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

    Vahab Amiri

  2. Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

    Mohsen Asgari-Nejad

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Correspondence to Vahab Amiri.

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Amiri, V., Asgari-Nejad, M. Hydrogeological assessment and estimation of groundwater inflow into the water transmission tunnel to Urmia Lake, Northwestern Iran. Bull Eng Geol Environ 81, 111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02612-3

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