Abstract
To date, there has been no agreement on the best way to simulate saltwater intrusion (SWI) in karst aquifers. An equivalent porous medium (EPM) is usually assumed without justification of its applicability. In this paper, SWI in a poorly karstified aquifer in Lebanon is simulated in various ways and compared to measurements. Time series analysis of rainfall and aquifer response is recommended to decide whether quickflow through conduits can be safely ignored. This aids in justifying the selection of the exemplified EPM model. To examine the improvement of SWI representation when discrete features (DFs) are embedded in the model domain, the results of a coupled discrete-continuum (CDC) approach (a hybrid EPM-DF approach) are compared to the EPM model. The two approaches yielded reasonable patterns of hydraulic head and groundwater salinity, which seem trustworthy enough for management purposes. The CDC model also reproduced some local anomalous chloride patterns, being more adaptable with respect to the measurements. It improved the overall accuracy of salinity predictions at wells and better represented the fresh–brackish water interface. Therefore, the CDC approach can be beneficial in modeling SWI in poorly karstified aquifers, and should be compared with the results of the EPM method to decide whether the differences in the outcome at local scale warrant its (more complicated) application. The simulation utilized the SEAWAT code since it is density dependent and public domain, and it enjoys widespread application. Including DFs necessitated manual handling because the selected code has no built-in option for such features.
Résumé
A ce jour, il n’y a pas eu d’accord sur la meilleure façon de simuler l’intrusion d’eau salée (IES) dans les aquifères karstiques. Un milieu poreux équivalent (MPE) est généralement supposé sans justification de son applicabilité. Dans cet article, IES dans un aquifère peu karstifié au Liban est simulé de différentes manières et comparé aux mesures. Il est recommandé d’effectuer une analyze des séries chronologiques des précipitations et de la réponse de l’aquifère pour décider si un écoulement rapide au sein des conduits peut être négligé en toute sécurité. Cela aide dans la justification de la sélection du modèle MPE donné en exemple. Pour examiner l’amélioration de la représentation de l’IES lorsque des caractéristiques discrètes (CD) sont incorporées dans le domaine du modèle, les résultats d’une approche couplée discrète-continu (CDC) (approche hybride MPE-CD) sont comparés à ceux du modèle MPE. Les deux approches ont fourni des représentations raisonnables de la charge hydraulique et de la salinité des eaux souterraines, qui semblent suffisamment fiables pour des objectifs de gestion. Le modèle CDC a également reproduit certaines anomalies locales en chlorure, étant plus ajustable par rapport aux mesures. Cela a amélioré la précision globale des prédictions de salinité aux puits et a permis de mieux représenter l’interface eau douce–eau saumâtre. Par conséquent, l’approche CDC peut être bénéfique dans la modélisation de l’IES d’aquifères peu karstifiés, et doit être comparé aux résultats de la méthode MPE pour décider si les différences dans les résultats à l’échelle local justifient son application (plus complexe). La simulation a utilisé le code SEAWAT car il dépend de la densité et est disponible dans le domaine public, et il bénéficie d’une application étendue. L’intégration de CD a nécessité une manipulation manuelle car le code sélectionné n’a pas d’options intégrées pour de telles fonctionnalités.
Resumen
Hasta la fecha, no ha habido acuerdo sobre la mejor manera de simular la intrusión de agua salada (SWI) en los acuíferos kársticos. Por lo general, se asume un medio poroso equivalente (EPM) sin justificación de su aplicabilidad. En este trabajo, la SWI en un acuífero pobremente karstificado en el Líbano se simula de varias maneras y se lo compara con mediciones. Se recomienda el análisis de series de tiempo de la lluvia y la respuesta del acuífero para decidir si el flujo rápido a través de los conductos se puede ignorar de manera segura. Esto ayuda a justificar la selección del modelo EPM ejemplificado. Para examinar la mejora de la representación de la SWI cuando las características discretas (DFs) están integradas en el dominio del modelo, los resultados de un enfoque de continuo discreto (CDC) acoplado (un enfoque híbrido EPM-DF) se comparan con el modelo EPM. Los dos enfoques arrojaron patrones razonables de carga hidráulica y de salinidad del agua subterránea, que parecen lo suficientemente confiables para los fines de gestión. El modelo de CDC también reprodujo algunos patrones de cloruro anómalos locales, siendo más adaptable con respecto a las mediciones. Mejoró la precisión general de las predicciones de salinidad en los pozos y representó mejor la interfaz de agua dulce–salobre. Por lo tanto, el enfoque CDC puede ser beneficioso para modelar SWI en acuíferos pobremente karstificados, y debe compararse con los resultados del método EPM para decidir si las diferencias en el resultado a escala local justifican su aplicación (más complicada). La simulación utilizó el código SEAWAT ya que depende de la densidad y es de dominio público, y goza de una amplia aplicación. La inclusión de los DF requiere manejo manual porque el código seleccionado no tiene una opción incorporada para tales características.
摘要
迄今为止,人们一直还没有统一意见认为哪种方法是模拟岩溶含水层海水入侵的最好方法。通常假定为等量孔隙介质,而 不去过多地考虑其适用性。本文中,通过不同方式模拟了黎巴嫩一个未充分岩溶化含水层的海水入侵情况,并与测量的结果进行了对比。建议进行降雨及含水层的响应的时序分析以决定通过管道的快流是否能安全地被忽略。这有助于合理选择例证的等量孔隙介质模型。当离散特点嵌入模型域时,为了检验海水入侵展示的改善情况,一个耦合离散-连续统方法(混合的等量介质-离散特点方法)的结果与等量孔隙介质模型进行了对比。两种方法都出现了水头和地下水含盐度合理的模式,似乎用于管理足够可靠。耦合离散连续统模型还再生出一些局部异常氯化钠模式,在测量结果方面更加适合。它能提高井中含盐度的整体精度,更好地展示了淡水-微咸水界面。因此,耦合离散-连续统方法利于模拟未充分岩溶化含水层海水入侵,应当与等量孔隙介质方法进行比较,以决定局部尺度上结果差异是否能保证其(更复杂)的应用。模拟利用了SEAWAT编码,因为其依靠密度,并且是公共域,受到了广泛的应用。包含离散特点需要人工处理,因为对于这样的特点选择的编码没有内置的选择。
Resumo
Até à data, não há acordo sobre a melhor maneira de simular a intrusão de água salina (IAS) em aquíferos cársticos. Um meio poroso equivalente (MPE) é assumido geralmente sem justificativa de sua aplicação. Neste artigo, a IAS em um aquífero pobremente carstificado no Líbano foi simulada de várias maneiras e comparada às medições. A análise de séries temporais de precipitação e respostas do aquífero é recomendada para decidir se o fluxo rápido através dos condutos pode ser ignorado com segurança. Isso ajuda a justificar a seleção do modelo de MPE exemplificado. Para examinar a melhoria da representação da IAS quando as características discretas (CDs) são incorporadas no domínio do modelo, os resultados de uma abordagem de contínuo-discreto acoplado (CDA) (abordagem híbrida MPE-CD) são comparados ao modelo de MPE. As duas abordagens renderam padrões razoáveis de carga hidráulica e salinidade das águas subterrâneas, os quais parecem ser confiáveis o suficiente para fins de gerenciamento. O modelo de CDA também reproduziu alguns padrões locais anômalos de cloretos, sendo mais adaptável em relação às medições. O modelo melhorou a precisão geral das previsões de salinidade em poços e representou melhor a interface água doce–salobra. Portanto, a abordagem de CDA pode ser benéfica na modelagem da IAS em aquíferos pobremente carstificados, e deve ser comparada com os resultados do método de MPE para decidir se as diferenças no resultado em escala local garantem sua aplicação (mais complicada). A simulação utilizou o código SEAWAT, uma vez que depende de densidade e domínio público, e goza de uma aplicação generalizada. A inclusão de CDs exigiu um manuseio manual, pois o código selecionado não possuía opção interna para tais recursos.
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Vincent Post is acknowledged for his time to evaluate the merits of the first draft of this manuscript and provide useful suggestions. The reviews of Prof. Dr. Adrian Werner, Prof. Dr. Theo Olsthoorn, and two anonymous reviewers contributed to substantial improvements that focused the outcome of this work. We are also grateful to agricultural engineer Mr. Khaled Aoun for his aid in installing a multi-set monitoring system in the vicinity of Damour (Lebanon), and to the Mechref Village Company for helping us to collect necessary water level data over several years.
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Khadra, W.M., Stuyfzand, P.J. Simulation of saltwater intrusion in a poorly karstified coastal aquifer in Lebanon (Eastern Mediterranean). Hydrogeol J 26, 1839–1856 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1752-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1752-z