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Simulation of a groundwater fall caused by geological discontinuities

Simulation d’un décrochement de nappe provoqué par des discontinuités géologiques

Simulación del descenso de agua subterránea causado por discontinuidades geológicas

由地质不连续性引起的地下水瀑布的模拟

Simulação de uma queda de água subterrânea causada por descontinuidades geológicas

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Abstract

In some areas close to a reverse fault with significant vertical displacement, or the boundary of a mining area in multi-layer rock and the boundary of perched water, the phreatic water-level changes abruptly from one side of the fault or boundary to the other. There is no direct hydraulic connection between the two sides and a groundwater fall occurs across the fault or boundary. This groundwater fall cannot be easily handled by the modules available in MODFLOW. Semi-analytical solutions were derived for water discharge from the upstream to the downstream side of the fault or boundary, and verified by air-water two-phase numerical simulation. The numerical results show that the derived semi-analytical solutions can be used to accurately estimate the groundwater flux at the fault even though the unsaturated zone is not considered. A module package, GWF, was developed to simulate the groundwater fall, which can be embedded directly into MODFLOW. A theoretical example is presented to show how the package GWF is used to simulate perched water. This package was also applied successfully to build a regional groundwater model of the Urumqi River Basin, Xinjiang, China, and the simulation results showed good agreement with the local hydrogeologic conditions.

Résumé

Dans certaines zones très proches d’une faille inverse à rejet vertical important ou de la limite d’une zone minière dans un massif multi-couches et ou de la limite d’une nappe perchée, le niveau de la nappe phréatique change brutalement d’un côté à l’autre de la faille ou de la limite. Il n’y a pas de connexion hydraulique directe entre les deux bords et un décrochement de la nappe se produit au droit de la faille ou de la limite. Ce décrochement ne peut être facilement appréhendé par les modules disponibles dans MODFLOW. Des solutions semi-analytiques ont été appliquées à l’écoulement de l’eau entre les côtés amont et aval de la faille ou de la limite et vérifiées par simulation numérique diphasique air-eau. Les résultats numériques montrent que les solutions semi-analytiques appliquées peuvent être utilisées pour estimer avec précision le flux d’eau souterraine au droit de la faille, même si la zone non saturée n’est pas prise en compte. Un assemblage modulaire, GWF, a été développé pour simuler le décrochement de la nappe, qui peut être intégré directement dans MODFLOW. Un exemple théorique est présenté pour montrer comment l’assemblage GWF est utilisé pour simuler une nappe perchée. Cet assemblage a été également appliqué avec succès pour construire un modèle de nappe régional du Urumqi River Basin, Xinjiang, China, et les résultats de la simulation ont montré un bon calage sur les conditions hydrogéologiques locales.

Resumen

En algunas áreas cercanas a una falla inversa con un desplazamiento vertical significativo, ó a un límite de un área minera en una roca multicapa y a un límite de agua colgada, el nivel freático cambia abruptamente de un lado de la falla o del límite al otro. No hay una conexión hidráulica directa entre los dos lados y se produce un descenso de agua subterránea a través de la falla o del límite. Este descenso del agua subterránea no puede ser fácilmente manejado por los módulos disponibles en el MODFLOW Se desarrollaron soluciones semianalíticas para la descarga de agua desde el lado agua arriba hacia el lado agua abajo de la falla o del límite, y verificaron por una simulación numérica agua – aire de dos fases. Los resultados numéricos muestran que las soluciones semianalíticas desarrolladas pueden ser usadas para estimar con precisión el flujo de agua subterránea en la falla aún cuando no se considere la zona no saturada. Se desarrolló un paquete del módulo, GWF, para simular el descenso de agua subterránea, que puede ser integrado directamente en el MODFLOW. Se presenta un ejemplo teórico para mostrar como el paquete GWF se utiliza para simular el agua colgada. Este paquete también fue aplicado exitosamente para construir un modelo regional de agua subterránea en la cuenca del río Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, y los resultados de la simulación mostraron un buen acuerdo con las condiciones hidrogeológicas locales.

摘要

接近具有明显垂直位移的逆断层或多层岩石的矿山边界和上层滞水边界的地区,潜水面从断层或边界的一侧到另一侧突然发生变化。两侧之间没有直接的水力联系,地下水横穿断层或边界出现瀑布。但这个地下水瀑布不能简单地用MODFLOW中可用的模块进行模拟。本文推导出从断层或边界上游到下游的排泄量的半解析解,并利用气液两相的数值模拟加以证实。数值模拟结果显示,即使在不考虑饱气带的情况下,得到的半解析解也可用于对断层地下水流的精确估计。本研究开发了一个模块包,即GWF,它可以直接嵌入到MODFLOW中,用于模拟地下水瀑布。本文用一个假设例子说明GWF程序包如何模拟上层滞水。这个程序包被成功应用于建立中国新疆乌鲁木齐河流域的区域地下水模型,模拟结果与当地水文地质条件相一致。

Resumo

Nalgumas áreas próximas de falhas inversas com deslocamentos verticais significativos, na proximidade de áreas mineiras em rochas multicamada ou na fronteira de aquíferos suspensos, os níveis freáticos são muito diferentes de um lado e de outro dessa falha ou dessa fronteira. Não há conexão hidráulica directa entre os dois lados e ocorre uma queda de água subterrânea ao longo dessa falha ou fronteira. Esta queda de água não é facilmente interpretada pelos módulos disponíveis no MODFLOW. Foram obtidas soluções semi-analíticas para a descarga de água do lado montante para o lado jusante da falha ou fronteira e verificadas através de uma simulação numérica bifásica ar-água. Os resultados numéricos mostram que as soluções semi-analíticas obtidas podem ser usadas para estimar com segurança o fluxo de água subterrânea na falha, mesmo sabendo que a zona não saturada não é considerada. Foi desenvolvido um pacote modular, GWF, para simular a queda de água subterrânea, a qual pode ser embebida directamente no MODFLOW. É apresentado um exemplo teórico para mostrar como é que o pacote GWF é usado para simular a água suspensa. Este pacote foi igualmente aplicado com sucesso para construir um modelo regional de água subterrânea na Bacia do Rio Urumqi, em Xinjiang, China, e os resultados da simulação mostraram um bom ajuste às condições hidrogeológicas locais.

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Acknowledgements

The study was supported by the projects: Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Arid West of China (2009DFA22380), Observation and Mechanism Research on Iteration between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Heihe River Basin (91025019), and National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2010CB428806). We thank Dr. Li Haitao and Ms. Wang Juntao from the China Institute of Geo-Environmental Monitoring for their help in drawing graphs.

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Correspondence to Wenping Li or Haipeng Guo.

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Li, W., Liu, Z., Guo, H. et al. Simulation of a groundwater fall caused by geological discontinuities. Hydrogeol J 19, 1121–1133 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0747-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0747-9

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