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Interplay of Climate, Fires, Floods, and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Peat Formation and Carbon Dynamic of Coastal and Inland Tropical Peatlands in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

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Abstract

The function of tropical peatland as a carbon sink is a balance between peat accumulation and peat loss; however, various interacting factors are involved affecting this process. In this study, we collected and intensively radiocarbon dated peat cores from two peat domes, visualized their cross-sectional profiles of geochemical properties, and developed three macrocharcoal records from each peat dome. We find that the young (4500 y calBP) and shallow (6 m) coastal peat has a simple and linear age–depth relationship, showing stable accumulation of carbon during the late Holocene. In contrast, the older (ca. 40,000 y cal BP) and deeper (15 m) inland peat shows a more complex history, where we observed age reversals and hiatuses, likely caused by climate variability from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Holocene. The charcoal record reveals a continuous presence of low-severity fire as indicated by charcoal morphotypes, though fire frequency increased after agriculture was established. An age reversal during the LGM was likely caused by a flood. Two periods of hiatuses occurred, each several millennia in length, at the end of the LGM and during the early Holocene. One cause of the hiatuses may have been a climatically halted peat formation from low precipitation and cooler climate during the LGM. Another cause may have been that severe fires consumed thousands of years of accumulated peat. If the hiatuses were entirely due to fire, the carbon released from these paleo-fire events (600 t C ha−1) suggests several times the impact of the most intense modern peat fires.

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All data will be made available on the Neotoma Paleoecology Database upon publication.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the dedicated efforts of lab and field crew from Universitas Tanjungpura (Nung, Putri, Rabbirl, Jemani, and other students), residents of Putussibau (Hendro and the crew), and University of Oregon (Rose Nittler—lab technician). We thank Kathryn Elder (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) for interpreting the maximum limiting ages of the radiocarbon measurements.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Science Foundation award 1561099, an AMINEF Fulbright Doctoral Scholarship, an IPCC Scholarship funded by Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, an AICEF (American Indonesian Cultural & Educational Foundation) Overseas Travel Grant, the University of Oregon, and Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. Peat cores were collected in a responsible manner, with permission from local authorities and in accordance with local laws.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA

    Monika Ruwaimana & Daniel G. Gavin

  2. Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Monika Ruwaimana

  3. Universitas Tanjungpura (UNTAN), Pontianak, Indonesia

    Gusti Anshari

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  1. Monika Ruwaimana
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  2. Daniel G. Gavin
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  3. Gusti Anshari
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Correspondence to Monika Ruwaimana.

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Author Contribution All authors conceptualized the study, devised the methodology, and conducted the field investigation. DGG and GZA supervised and provided resources. DGG and MR acquired the funding. MR curated, analyzed, and visualized the data. MR wrote the original draft, and all authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

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Ruwaimana, M., Gavin, D.G. & Anshari, G. Interplay of Climate, Fires, Floods, and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Peat Formation and Carbon Dynamic of Coastal and Inland Tropical Peatlands in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ecosystems 27, 361–375 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-023-00882-w

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