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When a Tree Dies in the Forest: Scaling Climate-Driven Tree Mortality to Ecosystem Water and Carbon Fluxes

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Abstract

Drought- and heat-driven tree mortality, along with associated insect outbreaks, have been observed globally in recent decades and are expected to increase in future climates. Despite its potential to profoundly alter ecosystem carbon and water cycles, how tree mortality scales up to ecosystem functions and fluxes is uncertain. We describe a framework for this scaling where the effects of mortality are a function of the mortality attributes, such as spatial clustering and functional role of the trees killed, and ecosystem properties, such as productivity and diversity. We draw upon remote-sensing data and ecosystem flux data to illustrate this framework and place climate-driven tree mortality in the context of other major disturbances. We find that emerging evidence suggests that climate-driven tree mortality impacts may be relatively small and recovery times are remarkably fast (~4 years for net ecosystem production). We review the key processes in ecosystem models necessary to simulate the effects of mortality on ecosystem fluxes and highlight key research gaps in modeling. Overall, our results highlight the key axes of variation needed for better monitoring and modeling of the impacts of tree mortality and provide a foundation for including climate-driven tree mortality in a disturbance framework.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the International Interdisciplinary Tree Mortality Workshop in Jena, Germany, for the discussions that led to the manuscript. W.R.L.A. was supported in part by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral fellowship, administered by the University Corporation of Atmospheric Research and an NSF Macrosystems Biology Grant (DEB EF-1340270). J.M.V. was supported in part by Spanish grant CGL2013-46808-R, by AGAUR (2014 SGR 453 grant), and by an ICREA Acadèmia Excellence in Research award. The postdoctoral position of M.C. was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Project 140968). CyH was partially sponsored by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 103-2119-M-002-016-) and National Taiwan University (EcoNTU: 10R70604-2). R.S.S. was supported in part by postdoctoral fellowship of (FEDER)-Programa de Fortalecimiento en I+D+i de las Universidades 2014–2015 de la Junta de Andalucía, by CoMo-ReAdapt (CGL2013-48843-C2-1-R Spanish project), and his work has been carried out under the framework of the COST FP1106 network STReESS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA

    William R. L. Anderegg

  2. CREAF, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

    Jordi Martinez-Vilalta

  3. Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

    Jordi Martinez-Vilalta

  4. Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

    Maxime Cailleret

  5. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192, Zaragoza, Spain

    Jesus Julio Camarero

  6. Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071, USA

    Brent E. Ewers

  7. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    David Galbraith

  8. Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

    Arthur Gessler

  9. Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany

    Arthur Gessler

  10. Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

    Rüdiger Grote

  11. Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan

    Cho-ying Huang

  12. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany

    Shaun R. Levick

  13. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Thomas L. Powell

  14. School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK

    Lucy Rowland

  15. Dpto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain

    Raúl Sánchez-Salguero

  16. Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Praha 6-Suchdol, 16521, Prague, Czech Republic

    Volodymyr Trotsiuk

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  1. William R. L. Anderegg
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Correspondence to William R. L. Anderegg.

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Author Contributions

WRLA, JMV, MC, JJC, BE, DG, AG, RG, CH, SL, TLP, LR, RSS, and VT conceived of the study. WRLA, JMV, MC, and CY performed research. WRLA analyzed the data. WRLA, JMV, MC, JJC, BE, DG, AG, RG, CH, SL, TLP, LR, RSS, and VT wrote the paper.

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Anderegg, W.R.L., Martinez-Vilalta, J., Cailleret, M. et al. When a Tree Dies in the Forest: Scaling Climate-Driven Tree Mortality to Ecosystem Water and Carbon Fluxes. Ecosystems 19, 1133–1147 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-016-9982-1

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