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How to optimize the analytical performance of differential pulse voltammetry: one variable at time versus Design of Experiments

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Abstract

Differential pulse voltammetry has often been considered one of the most suitable techniques for electroanalytical applications. However, the voltammetric parameters used are often chosen without a proper examination of their effect on the resulting response. In this lab experiment, the students are guided to a more informed choice of the electrochemical parameters to apply depending on the application sought. In the first part of the experiment, we highlight how each voltammetric parameter affects the signal-to-noise ratio and the resolution of the voltammetric response of hydroquinone, taken as an example of the application of this electrochemical technique. A Design of Experiment is then applied to optimize the intensity and the sharpness of the oxidation peak response. Finally, an analogous approach is followed to optimize the peak resolution of an equimolar hydroquinone and catechol mixture to achieve the best separation among the peak current response for the two electrochemical processes. Thanks to these two experiments, the student will identify the correct choice of parameters to optimize as key factors for achieving the best analytical performance in specific applications.

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Acknowledgements

F.C. acknowledges the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice for the support of his work within this University as Visiting Scholar.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy

    Giulia Moro

  2. Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy

    Alessandro Silvestri & Chiara Zanardi

  3. Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Alessandro Ulrici

  4. Interdepartmental Research Centre of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia BIOGEST-SITEIA, Reggio Emilia, Italy

    Alessandro Ulrici

  5. Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal

    Felipe Conzuelo

  6. Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Research National Council, 40129, Bologna, Italy

    Chiara Zanardi

Authors
  1. Giulia Moro
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  2. Alessandro Silvestri
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  3. Alessandro Ulrici
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  4. Felipe Conzuelo
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  5. Chiara Zanardi
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Contributions

All authors contributed to study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by GM, AS, AU, FC, and CZ. All authors contributed in writing different sections of the manuscript, as well as to revise and approve the overall text.

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Correspondence to Chiara Zanardi.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Moro, G., Silvestri, A., Ulrici, A. et al. How to optimize the analytical performance of differential pulse voltammetry: one variable at time versus Design of Experiments. J Solid State Electrochem 28, 1403–1415 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-023-05753-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-023-05753-x

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