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Salivary and serum markers of angiogenesis in periodontitis in relation to smoking

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Abstract

Objective

Angiogenesis is essential in maintenance of periodontal homeostasis, and it is regulated by growth factors and cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), endoglin, platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1). In this study, the salivary and serum concentrations of these angiogenesis-related proteins in relation to smoking and periodontitis were examined.

Material and methods

Full-mouth periodontal status together with unstimulated whole saliva and serum samples was collected from 78 individuals, including 40 periodontitis patients (20 smokers and 20 nonsmokers) and 38 periodontally healthy controls (20 smokers and 18 nonsmokers). The Luminex®-xMAP™ technique was used for protein analyses.

Results

Concentrations of all tested proteins in saliva as well as VEGF in serum were significantly higher in periodontitis patients than in healthy controls. In smokers, serum concentrations of endoglin (p = 0.017) and sICAM-1 (p = 0.001) were elevated in comparison to nonsmokers. After adjusting for smoking and gender, periodontitis associated significantly with salivary concentrations of b-FGF, PECAM-1, VEGF, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Taken together, salivary concentrations of b-FGF, PECAM-1, and VEGF associate with periodontitis. The suppressive effect of smoking on salivary marker levels is limited to periodontitis patients only.

Clinical relevance

Smoking-related suppression of salivary marker levels is observed only in periodontitis patients.

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Acknowledgments

Biomedical research technicians Oona Hällfors and Katja Sampalahti are greatly acknowledged for their technical assistance.

Funding

This study was partly funded by the Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku (No: UT2017).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Marmara, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey

    Çiğdem Yılmaz Şaştım & Başak Doğan

  2. Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Mervi Gürsoy, Eija Könönen, Akseli Kasurinen, Susanna Norvio & Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy

  3. Oral Health Care, Welfare Division, City of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Eija Könönen

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  1. Çiğdem Yılmaz Şaştım
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Contributions

Çiğdem Yılmaz Şaştım: Clinical measurement, sample collection, data interpretation, and manuscript writing

Mervi Gürsoy: Laboratory analyses, manuscript writing, and critical reading

Eija Könönen: Manuscript writing and critical reading

Akseli Kasurinen: Data interpretation and manuscript writing

Susanna Norvio: Data interpretation and manuscript writing

Ulvi Kahraman Gürsoy: Conception and design of the study, laboratory analyses, data interpretation, and manuscript writing

Başak Doğan: Conception and design of the study, data interpretation, and manuscript writing

“All authors have read and approved the final article.”

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Başak Doğan.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Ethics Committee in Clinical Research of the Marmara University, School of Medicine (05.12.2014/09.2014.0298) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Yılmaz Şaştım, Ç., Gürsoy, M., Könönen, E. et al. Salivary and serum markers of angiogenesis in periodontitis in relation to smoking. Clin Oral Invest 25, 1117–1126 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03411-4

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