Skip to main content
Log in

Wie radikal muss die Chirurgie des Rektumkarzinoms sein?

Standards und Perspektiven

Extent of surgical therapy for rectal cancer

Standards and perspectives

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Onkologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die moderne Chirurgie des Rektumkarzinoms beinhaltet eine ganze Reihe von Operationen, die differenziert eingesetzt werden sollten. Die optimale chirurgische Versorgung besteht darin, durch die Operation den maximal möglichen onkologischen Gewinn sicherzustellen, ohne unnötig Morbidität, funktionelle Einschränkungen oder Verminderung der Lebensqualität zu verursachen. Folglich sollten Frühkarzinome der „Low-risk-Kategorie“ normalerweise lokal exzidiert werden, um unnötige Morbidität zu vermeiden, auch wenn dafür eine geringe Lokalrezidivrate in Kauf genommen werden muss. Des Weiteren kann der Schließmuskel bei Karzinomen, die oberhalb von 1–2 cm ab der Linea dentata liegen, erhalten werden, sofern keine eingeschränkte Kontinenz vorliegt, sodass die abdominoperineale Rektumexstirpation nur für Tumoren unterhalb dieser Grenze zwingend erforderlich ist. Der Großteil der Patienten wird mit einer anterioren Rektumresektion versorgt, die mit einer totalen mesorektalen Exzision (TME) einhergehen sollte. Ob für die Tumoren im oberen Rektumdrittel die partielle mesorektale Exzision bis 5 cm unterhalb des Tumorunterrandes ausreicht, wird derzeit im Rahmen einer klinischen Studie überprüft. Optimale Radikalität bei der Chirurgie des Rektumkarzinoms kann aber auch bedeuten, dass eine multiviszerale Resektion indiziert ist, da eine R0-Situation die Voraussetzung für ein mögliches Langzeitüberleben des Patienten darstellt.

Abstract

The spectrum of modern surgery for rectal cancer covers a range of different operations which should be differentially used following careful patient selection. Optimal surgery implies that a maximum level of oncological therapy is achieved without unnecessary morbidity, functional impairment or loss of quality of life. As a consequence “low risk” cancers should be treated by local excision to avoid undue morbidity even if a minimal risk of local recurrence must be accepted. Furthermore, sphincter preservation is possible if cancers are situated more than 1–2 cm above the dentate line in patients with normal continence so that an abdomino-perineal excision is only mandatory for tumors below this level. Most patients are operated on by anterior rectal resection and total mesorectal excision. It is currently under investigation whether partial mesorectal excision is sufficient for tumors in the upper third of the rectum. Optimal radical surgery for rectal cancer may also mean that multivisceral excision is necessary to achieve the R0 situation which represents a prerequisite for a possible long-term disease-free survival.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4

Literatur

  1. Heald RJ (1988) The „holy plane“ of rectal surgery. J R Soc Med 81:503–508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sauer R et al (2004) Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351:1731–1740

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hermanek PJ (1992) Multiviszerale Resektion beim kolorektalen Karzinom. Erfahrungen der SGKRK-Studie. Kongressband. Langenbecks Arch Surg 95–100

  4. Williams NS, Dixon MF, Johnston D (1983) Reappraisal of the 5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum: a study of distal intramural spread and of patients‘ survival. Br J Surg 70:150–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kwok SP, Lau WY, Leung KL et al (1996) Prospective analysis of the distal margin of clearance in anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 83:969–972

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chamlou R, Parc Y, Simon T et al (2007) Long-term results of intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer. Ann Surg 246:916–921

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ceelen WP, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Fierens K (2009) Preoperative chemoradiation versus radiation alone for stage II and III resectable rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD006041

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jörgren F, Johansson R, Damber L, Lindmark G (2009) Risk factors of rectal cancer local recurrence: population-based survey and validation of the Swedish rectal cancer registry. Colorectal Dis (Epub ahead of print)

  9. Havenga K, Enker WE, Norstein J et al (1999) Improved survival and local control after total mesorectal excision or D3 lymphadenectomy in the treatment of primary retal cancer: an international analysis of 1411 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 25:368–374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Maurer CA, Z’Graggen K, Renzulli P et al (2001) Total mesorectal excision preserves male genital function compared with conventional rectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg 1501–1505

  11. Schmiegel W, Pox C, Reinacher-Schick A et al (2008) S3-Leitlinie „Kolorektales Karzinom.“ Z Gastroenterol 46:1–73

    Google Scholar 

  12. Miles WE (1908) A method of performing abdomino-perineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal portion of the pelvic colon. Lancet I:1812–1813

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fazio VW, Zutshi M, Remzi FH et al (2007) A randomized multicenter trial to compare long-term functional outcome, quality of life, and complications of surgical procedures for low rectal cancers. Ann Surg 246:481–488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ulrich AB, Seiler C, Rahbari N et al (2009) Diverting stoma after low anterior resection: more arguments in favor. Dis Colon Rectum 52:412–418

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. The Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group (2004) A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 350:2050–2059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H et al (2005) Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:1718–1726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wibe A, Syse A, Andersen E et al (2004) Oncological outcomes after total mesorectal excision for cure for cancer of the lower rectum: anterior vs. abdominoperineal resection. Dis Colon Rectum 47:48–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. West NP, Finan PJ, Anderin C et al (2008) Evidence of the oncologic superiority of cylindrical abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:3517–3522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kreis ME, Jehle EC, Haug V et al (1996) Functional results after transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Dis Colon Rectum 39:1116–1121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Habr-Gama A, Prez RO, Proscurshim I et al (2006) Patterns of failure and survival for nonoperative treatment of stage c0 distal rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. J Gastrointest Surg 10:1319–1328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bonnen M, Crane C, Vauthey JN et al (2004) Long-term results using local excision after preoperative chemoradiation among selected T3 rectal cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60:1098–1105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kleespies A, Füessl KE, Seeliger H et al (2009) Determinants of morbidity and survival after elective non-curative resection of stage IV colon and rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:1097–1109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M.E. Kreis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kreis, M. Wie radikal muss die Chirurgie des Rektumkarzinoms sein?. Onkologe 16, 757–763 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-010-1864-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-010-1864-0

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation