Abstract
This study was done to understand the dynamics of rotavirus genotype distribution in Turkish children. Samples were collected from January 2006 through August 2011 from children at a hospital in Ankara. Rotavirus was detected in 28 % (241/889) of the samples. Genotype G9P[8] was predominant (28 %), followed by G1P[8] (16.3 %) and G2P[8] (15.9 %). G9 was absent in the samples from 2006 and 2007 and then re-emerged in 2008 and increased gradually. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Turkish G9 rotaviruses of the present study formed a sublineage with strains from Italy and Ethiopia, possibly indicating spread of a clone in these countries.
References
Bozkurt D, Selimoglu MA, Otlu B, Sandikkaya A (2015) Eight different viral agents in childhood acute gastroenteritis. Turk J Pediatr 57:68–73
Bakir M, Standaert B, Turel O, Bilge ZE, Postma M (2013) Estimating and comparing the clinical and economic impact of paediatric rotavirus vaccination in Turkey using a simple versus an advanced model. Vaccine 31:979–986
WHO (2012) Estimated rotavirus deaths for children under 5 years of age: 2008, 453,000. http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/burden/rotavirus_estimates/en/index.html. Cited 13 Dec 2013
Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, McDonald SM, Attoui H, Banyai K, Brister JR et al (2011) Uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG). Arch Virol 156:1397–1413
Fujii Y, Mitake H, Yamada D, Nagai M, Okadera K, Ito N et al (2016) Genome sequences of rotavirus A strains Ty-1 and Ty-3, isolated from Turkeys in Ireland in 1979. Genome Announc 4:e01565-15. doi:10.1128/genomeA.01565-15
Aoki ST, Settembre EC, Trask SD, Greenberg HB, Harrison SC, Dormitzer PR (2009) Structure of rotavirus outer-layer protein VP7 bound with a neutralizing Fab. Science 324:1444–1447
Mitui MT, Chan PK, Nelson EA, Leung TF, Nishizono A, Ahmed K (2011) Co-dominance of G1 and emerging G3 rotaviruses in Hong Kong: a three-year surveillance in three major hospitals. J Clin Virol 50:325–333
Mitui MT, Chandrasena TN, Chan PK, Rajindrajith S, Nelson EA, Leung TF et al (2012) Inaccurate identification of rotavirus genotype G9 as genotype G3 strains due to primer mismatch. Virol J 9:144
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28:2731–2739
Zeller M, Heylen E, De Coster S, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J (2012) Full genome characterization of a porcine-like human G9P[6] rotavirus strain isolated from an infant in Belgium. Infect Genet Evol. 12:1492–1500
Ward R (2009) Mechanisms of protection against rotavirus infection and disease. Ped Infect Dis J. 28(3 Suppl):S57–S59
Heaton PM, Ciarlet M (2007) Vaccines: the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine: discovery to licensure and beyond. Clin Infect Dis 45:1618–1624
Durmaz R, Kalaycioglu AT, Acar S, Bakkaloglu Z, Karagoz A, Korukluoglu G et al (2014) Prevalence of rotavirus genotypes in children younger than 5 years of age before the introduction of a universal rotavirus vaccination program: report of rotavirus surveillance in Turkey. PLoS One 9:e113674
Kiulia NM, Nyaga MM, Seheri ML, Wolfaardt M, van Zyl WB, Esona MD et al (2014) Rotavirus G and P types circulating in the eastern region of Kenya: predominance of G9 and emergence of G12 genotypes. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 33(Suppl 1):S85–S88
Seheri M, Nemarude L, Peenze I, Netshifhefhe L, Nyaga MM, Ngobeni HG et al (2014) Update of rotavirus strains circulating in Africa from 2007 through 2011. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 33(Suppl 1):S76–S84
Mullick S, Mandal P, Nayak MK, Ghosh S, De P, Rajendran K et al (2014) Hospital based surveillance and genetic characterization of rotavirus strains in children (<5 years) with acute gastroenteritis in Kolkata, India, revealed resurgence of G9 and G2 genotypes during 2011–2013. Vaccine 32(Suppl 1):A20–A28
Bozdayi G, Dogan B, Dalgic B, Bostanci I, Sari S, Battaloglu NO et al (2008) Diversity of human rotavirus G9 among children in Turkey. J Med Virol 80:733–740
Khamrin P, Peerakome S, Tonusin S, Malasao R, Okitsu S, Mizuguchi M et al (2007) Changing pattern of rotavirus G genotype distribution in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 2002 to 2004: decline of G9 and reemergence of G1 and G2. J Med Virol 79:1775–1782
Quaye O, McDonald S, Esona MD, Lyde FC, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Roy S et al (2013) Rotavirus G9P[4] in 3 countries in Latin America, 2009–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 19:1332–1333
Afrad MH, Rahman MZ, Matthijnssens J, Das SK, Faruque AS, Azim T et al (2013) High incidence of reassortant G9P[4] rotavirus strain in Bangladesh: fully heterotypic from vaccine strains. J Clin Virol 58:755–756
Parashar U, Steele D, Neuzil K, Quadros C, Tharmaphornpilas P, Serhan F et al (2013) Progress with rotavirus vaccines: summary of the Tenth International Rotavirus Symposium. Exp Rev Vaccines 12:113–117
Justino MC, Araujo EC, van Doorn LJ, Oliveira CS, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JD et al (2012) Oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) offers sustained high protection against severe G9P[8] rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first 2 years of life in Brazilian children. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107:846–853
Bhandari N, Rongsen-Chandola T, Bavdekar A, John J, Antony K, Taneja S et al (2014) Efficacy of a monovalent human-bovine (116E) rotavirus vaccine in Indian children in the second year of life. Vaccine 32(Suppl 1):A110–A116
Bhandari N, Rongsen-Chandola T, Bavdekar A, John J, Antony K, Taneja S et al (2014) Efficacy of a monovalent human-bovine (116E) rotavirus vaccine in Indian infants: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 383:2136–2143
Mullick S, Mukherjee A, Ghosh S, Pazhani GP, Sur D, Manna B et al (2014) Community based case-control study of rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children during 2008–2010 reveals vast genetic diversity and increased prevalence of G9 strains in Kolkata. PLoS One 9:e112970
Acknowledgments
The study was supported in part by a Grant from the Research Fund at the Discretion of the President, Oita University (grant number 610000-N5021).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bozdayi, G., Altay, A., Yahiro, T. et al. Re-emergence of genotype G9 during a five-and-a-half-year period in Turkish children with rotavirus diarrhea. Arch Virol 161, 2879–2884 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2986-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2986-5