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Our first decade of experience in deep brain stimulation of the brainstem: elucidating the mechanism of action of stimulation of the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum

  • Translational Neurosciences - Review Article
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Abstract

The region of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) has been proposed as a novel target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat levodopa resistant symptoms in motor disorders. Recently, the anatomical organization of the brainstem has been revised and four new distinct structures have been represented in the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum area in which the PPTg was previously identified. Given this anatomical reassessment, and considering the increasing of our experience, in this paper we revisit the value of DBS applied to that area. The reappraisal of clinical outcomes in the light of this revisitation may also help to understand the consequences of DBS applied to structures located in the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum, apart from the PPTg. The implantation of 39 leads in 32 patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD, 27 patients) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, four patients) allowed us to reach two major conclusions. The first is that the results of the advancement of our technique in brainstem DBS matches the revision of brainstem anatomy. The second is that anatomical and functional aspects of our findings may help to explain how DBS acts when applied in the brainstem and to identify the differences when it is applied either in the brainstem or in the subthalamic nucleus. Finally, in this paper we discuss how the loss of neurons in brainstem nuclei occurring in both PD and PSP, the results of intraoperative recording of somatosensory evoked potentials, and the improvement of postural control during DBS point toward the potential role of ascending sensory pathways and/or other structures in mediating the effects of DBS applied in the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum region.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Prof. Edgar Garcia-Rill for his critical reading of the manuscript and suggestions. We are also grateful to Prof Francesco Masedu and Dr. Annamaria Capozzo, University of L’Aquila, for evaluating data and carrying out statistics concerning correlations between SEPs and anatomical landmarks, and Prof. Paolo Arena, DIEEI, University of Catania, for evaluating the electrical fields generated by DBS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Operative Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Regional Center for Functional Neurosurgery and DBS, CTO Hospital, ASL Roma 2, Via S. Nemesio 21, 00145, Rome, Italy

    Paolo Mazzone

  2. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Service, Medical School, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Goias, Brazil

    Osvaldo Vilela Filho

  3. Department of Neurology, St. John the Baptist Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Fabio Viselli

  4. Operative Unit for Neurophysiopathology, ASL RMC, Rome, Italy

    Angelo Insola

  5. Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland

    Stefano Sposato

  6. Department of Biotechnological and Applied Biomedical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

    Flora Vitale & Eugenio Scarnati

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  1. Paolo Mazzone
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  3. Fabio Viselli
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  4. Angelo Insola
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Correspondence to Paolo Mazzone.

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All the procedures described in the present paper have been conducted according to ethical standards, approved by local ethical committees and patients gave their informed consent to participate to the described studies.

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Mazzone, P., Vilela Filho, O., Viselli, F. et al. Our first decade of experience in deep brain stimulation of the brainstem: elucidating the mechanism of action of stimulation of the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. J Neural Transm 123, 751–767 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1518-5

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