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Non-enzymatic paper-based analytical device for direct potentiometric detection of urine creatinine

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Abstract

A paper-based analytical device (PAD) with an integrated composite electrode has been designed and fabricated for non-enzymatic creatinine sensing. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was employed to modify the PAD so that it could function as a solid-contact transducer. A new macrocyclic pyrido-hexapeptide derivative was made and used as a special ionophore in the creatinine membrane sensor. The synthesized PAD showed a detection limit of 1.0 µM (S/N = 3) and a potentiometric response towards creatinine throughout a log-linear range of 2.0 µM–10 mM (R2 = 0.9998). The sensor shows significant selectivity for a few related substances, including ephedrine, codeine, ketamine, caffeine, urea, urate, carbinoxamine, and dextromethorphan. It has been established that the testing method is appropriate for the direct potentiometric detection of creatinine in a variety of human urine sample types. When an indicating electrode and a reference electrode are put on the same flexible disposable, this lets applications with a small sample volume be done. For point-of-care creatinine measurement, the developed paper-based analytical equipment is a good choice because it is affordable, easily accessible, and self-pumping (especially when combined with potentiometric detection).

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors present their deep thanks for prof. A.E.G.E. Amr for supporting the ionophores used in this work.

Funding

This research was funded by the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, through the project number KKU-IFP2-P-4.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain

    Ayman H. Kamel

  2. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt

    Ayman H. Kamel

  3. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, 62529, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Hisham S. M. Abd-Rabboh & Majed A. Bajaber

Authors
  1. Ayman H. Kamel
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  2. Hisham S. M. Abd-Rabboh
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  3. Majed A. Bajaber
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Contributions

The listed authors contributed to this work as follows: A.H.K. provided the concepts of the work; A.H.K. and H.S.M.A. interpreted the results. A. H. K. and M. A. B. performed the experimental part. A. H. K. and H. S. M. A. prepared the manuscript; A.H.K. performed the revision before submission; H.S., M.A., and M. A. B. obtained the financial support for the work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ayman H. Kamel.

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Kamel, A.H., Abd-Rabboh, H.S.M. & Bajaber, M.A. Non-enzymatic paper-based analytical device for direct potentiometric detection of urine creatinine. Microchim Acta 191, 128 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-024-06203-9

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