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The Acoustic Emission Behavior and Its Fractal Characteristics of the Sandstone Under the Disturbance Stress Paths

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Abstract

A series of mechanical tests and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring are conducted considering the disturbance stress paths, disturbance modes (low disturbance (LD) mode, medium disturbance (MD) mode, and high disturbance (HD) mode) and initial confining pressures (ICPs). The fractal dimensions of the AE temporal distribution (\(D_{t}\)) and spatial distribution (\(D_{s}\)) are calculated, analyzed, and compared with the normalized AE count. The “sensitive effect”, “inferior sensitive effect”, and “delayed sensitive effect” of the disturbance mode can be observed through the temporal–spatial distribution of AE activities under the ICP of 12.5 MPa, 25 MPa, and 37.5 MPa, respectively. According to the normalized AE count, the damage of the disturbance modes under the ICP of 12.5 MPa, from serious to mild in proper order is HD, MD, and LD modes. The rapid increase in \(D_{t}\) and the sharp decrease in \(D_{s}\) appear in the MD and HD modes, respectively. This is in accordance with the “sensitive effect”. Under an ICP of 25 MPa, only the HD mode can cause remarkable damage, as the evolution of the AE parameters does not vary obviously in the LD and MD modes, which can be regarded as the “inferior sensitive effect”. Likewise, under an ICP of 37.5 MPa, each parameter presents a significant difference in the late period of DS among the three disturbance modes. This may correspond to the “delayed sensitive effect”. The consistency in the occurrences of the discrepancy of the parameters indicates that the damage propagation and mechanical behavior of the engineering rocks are simultaneously dominated by the ICP and disturbance mode.

Highlights

  • A series of mechanical tests as well as the AE monitoring are carried out under the disturbance stress paths.

  • The “sensitive effect”, “inferior sensitive effect” and “delayed sensitive effect” of temporal-spatial distribution of the AE activities and its fractal characteristics under the disturbance stress paths are revealed.

  • The damage characteristics of rock under the different disturbance modes and initial confining pressures are comprehensively investigated by the normalized AE count, Dt, and Ds.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AE:

Acoustic emission

HSS:

Hydrostatic stress stage

ILUS:

Initial loading–unloading stage

DS:

Disturbance stage

LD:

Low disturbance

MD:

Medium disturbance

HD:

High disturbance

ICP:

Initial confining pressure

\(\alpha\) :

The concentration factor of axial stress

\(\gamma\) :

Density

\(H\) :

Burial depth

\(\sigma_{p}\) :

Peak stress

\(\mu\) :

Poisson’s ratio

\(E\) :

Elastic modulus

\(T\) :

The duration of DS

\(D_{t}\) :

The fractal dimension of AE temporal distribution

\(D_{s}\) :

The fractal dimension of AE spatial distribution

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Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52078477, 51827901), the National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFC2904102), Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education (DESE202106), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Sciences and Geothermal Energy Exploitation and Utilization (2020-3). The authors acknowledge the supports of the above-mentioned funding agencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China

    Yanan Gao, Donghao Lan, Shengqi Yang, Yunlong Wang & Feng Ding

  2. School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China

    Yanan Gao, Donghao Lan, Shengqi Yang, Yunlong Wang & Feng Ding

  3. School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China

    Peng Hou

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  1. Yanan Gao
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  2. Donghao Lan
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Correspondence to Donghao Lan.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Table 3.

Table 3 Basic parameters of the specimens
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Gao, Y., Lan, D., Yang, S. et al. The Acoustic Emission Behavior and Its Fractal Characteristics of the Sandstone Under the Disturbance Stress Paths. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 5487–5511 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03342-y

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