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Observations and Computational Simulation of River Valley Contraction at the Xiluodu Dam, Yunnan, China

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Abstract

River valley contraction (RVC) has increased continuously at the Xiluodu Dam site since the completion of the slope excavation that commenced on December 1, 2008. Previous studies on RVC only analyzed the displacement after reservoir impoundment. Since deformation is affected by many factors, it is difficult to determine the leading causes of RVC by merely studying the displacement after impoundment. This study examines, for the first time, the complete displacement process before and after impoundment. Four models that include poroelastic, thermo-poroelastic, poroelastic-plastic, and poroelastic-creep are used to simulate the RVC displacement using COMSOL multiphysics. It is observed that the creep of the basalt formation is the leading cause of RVC. Sloped excavation causes RVC, and the subsequent reservoir impoundment accelerates the RVC by changing the creep parameters. A poroelastic-creep model with two-stage creep parameters was applied to the numerical simulation. The simulation results are in good agreement with the field observations. The predicted results show that the convergence value of RVC is 187 mm, and an additional closure of 21.5 mm will occur in the next 14.5 years. This research provides a further assessment of the RVC by providing a model that is validated by existing data and leads to an estimation of future RVC.

Highlights

  • The paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the river valley contraction behavior at the Xiluodu reservoir.

  • 2D simulation was performed to reveal the mechanism of the river valley contraction.

  • Four models that include poroelastic, thermo-poroelastic, poroelastic-plastic, and poroelastic-creep were applied to the numerical simulation.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the China Three Gorges Corporation, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the China Three Gorges Corporation.

Abbreviations

\({\alpha }_{\mathrm{B}}\) :

Biot coefficient

\({\alpha }_{\mathrm{T}}\) :

Coefficient of thermal expansion

\(\mathbf{C}\) :

Elasticity matrix

\({C}_{\mathrm{f}}\) :

Fluid heat capacity

\(c\) :

Cohesion

\(D\) :

Elevation

\({\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}\) :

Total strain tensor

\({{\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{el}}\) :

Elastic strain tensor

\({{\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{th}}\) :

Thermal strain tensor

\({{\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{pl}}\) :

Plastic strain tensor

\({{\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{cr}}\) :

Creep strain tensor

\({{\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}}_{\mathrm{vol}}\) :

Volumetric strain tensor

\({\dot{{\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}}}_{\mathrm{cr}}\) :

Creep strain rate

\({\dot{{\varvec{\upvarepsilon}}}}_{\mathrm{pl}}\) :

Plastic strain rate

\({E}_{\mathrm{f}}\) :

Water bulk modulus

\({E}_{\mathrm{k}}\) :

Young’s modulus

\({E}_{\mathrm{s}}\) :

Solid bulk modulus

\(\eta\) :

Viscosity coefficient of the generalized Kelvin–Voigt model

\(F\) :

Yield function

\({\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}\) :

Boundary load

\(\varphi\) :

Internal friction angle

\(G\) :

Shear modulus

\({G}_{0}\),\({G}_{1}\) :

Shear modulus of the generalized Kelvin–Voigt model

\(g\) :

Gravity

\(\mathbf{I}\) :

Unit tensor

\({I}_{1}\) :

First invariant of the effective stress tensor

\({J}_{2}\) :

Second invariant of the stress deviator tensor

\(K\) :

Hydraulic conductivity

\({k}_{\mathrm{th}}\) :

Effective thermal conductivity

\(\lambda\) :

Plastic flow coefficient

\(m\) :

Drucker–Prager material constant

\(n\) :

Drucker–Prager material constant

\(p\) :

Water pressure

\(\psi\) :

Porosity

\(Q\) :

Heat source

\({Q}_{\mathrm{pl}}\) :

Plastic potential

\(\rho\) :

Bulk density of a porous medium

\({\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}\) :

Fluid density

\(S\) :

Storage coefficient

\(T\) :

Temperature

\({T}_{\mathrm{ref}}\) :

Reference temperature

\(\mathbf{u}\) :

Displacement vector

\(\mathbf{v}\) :

Fluid velocity tensor

\({\varvec{\upsigma}}\) :

Total stress tensor

\({{\varvec{\upsigma}}}^{\boldsymbol{^{\prime}}}\) :

Effective stress tensor

\({{\varvec{\upsigma}}}_{0}\) :

Initial stress tensor

\({{\varvec{\upsigma}}}_{\mathrm{ys}}^{\boldsymbol{^{\prime}}}\) :

Effective yield stress tensor

\({{\varvec{\upsigma}}}_{dev}^{\boldsymbol{^{\prime}}}\) :

Effective deviatoric stress tensor

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Major Research Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91747204), and China Three Gorges Corporation (No. 20188019316). The author Mingwei Li received support from the China Scholarship Council (No.202006710075). The work reported was completed under the direction of Professor A.P.S. Selvadurai during the CSC-sponsored visit of Mr. Li to the Environmental Geomechanics Laboratory at McGill University. The editorial assistance provided by Mrs. SJ Selvadurai is gratefully acknowledged by the authors.

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  1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China

    Mingwei Li & Zhifang Zhou

  2. Environmental Geomechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada

    A. P. S. Selvadurai

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The need for the investigation was identified by ZZ and ML. The concepts related to the modeling were developed by APSS and ML. The computations were performed by ML. The paper was written by ML with extensive conceptual revisions by APS Selvadurai. All the authors have agreed to the content of the paper and the order of listing of the authors.

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Li, M., Selvadurai, A.P.S. & Zhou, Z. Observations and Computational Simulation of River Valley Contraction at the Xiluodu Dam, Yunnan, China. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 4109–4131 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03269-4

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