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Strategies for Creating Prescribed Hydraulic Fractures in Cave Mining

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Abstract

The cave mining method was traditionally applied to massive low-grade, weak orebodies at shallow depths (less than 500 m) that favour cave propagation under gravity. Currently, this method is being applied to stronger orebodies and is taking place at depths of up to 2000 m below the surface. To ensure continuous cave propagation, preconditioning of the orebody is essential in this latter caving environment to improve rock mass caveability and to decrease fragmentation sizes. Hydraulic fracturing was initiated in the oil industry and is now being used in the cave mining industry as a preconditioning method and for stalled caves reactivation. A limitation of conventional hydraulic fracturing in the cave mining industry is that the hydraulic fracture orientation is uncontrollable and is dictated by the minimum in situ stress orientation. The preconditioning effectiveness of orientation-uncontrollable hydraulic fractures is limited in some geotechnical conditions, and the concept of creating orientation-controllable hydraulic fractures, here termed prescribed hydraulic fractures, is proposed to fill this gap. In this paper, the feasibility of the proposed approaches to creating prescribed hydraulic fractures is presented based on previous studies and numerical modelling. The numerical modelling code reliability in simulating the hydraulic fracture propagation and reorientation process was validated by comparing with laboratory results in the reported literature. In addition, the sensitivity of the prescribed hydraulic fracturing to the in situ stress condition and rock mass properties is examined.

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Abbreviations

σ 1 :

The maximum principal stress (MPa)

σ 2 :

The intermediate principal stress (MPa)

σ 3 :

The minimum principal stress (MPa)

σ hmax :

The maximum horizontal principal stress (MPa)

σ hmin :

The minimum horizontal principal stress (MPa)

σ X :

Fracture-induced stress in the far-field intermediate principal stress direction (MPa)

σ Z :

Fracture-induced stress in the far-field minimum principal stress direction (MPa)

\( \sigma_{\text{h}}^{{\prime }} \) :

Superimposed stress near the fracture surface in the far-field intermediate principal stress direction (MPa)

\( \sigma_{\text{v}}^{{\prime }} \) :

Superimposed stress near the fracture surface in the far-field minimum principal stress direction (MPa)

σ n :

The net pressure (MPa)

σ d :

The differential stress between the intermediate principal stress and the minimum principal stress (MPa)

E :

Young’s modulus (MPa)

m :

Homogeneity Index

K Ic :

Rock fracture toughness (Pa m1/2)

L d :

The fracture spacing (m)

L h :

The fracture half-length (m)

L s :

The shadow-free zone length (m)

r :

The fracture radius (m)

u :

The material property assigned to a given element

u 0 :

The mean value of the material property

v :

The Poisson’s ratio

\( {\mathcal{D}} \) :

The dimensionless differential stress

\( {\mathcal{S}} \) :

The dimensionless confining stress

\( {\mathcal{W}} \) :

The dimensionless propped fracture width

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Chunan Tang and Mr. Jian Liu. Professor Chunan Tang is the founder and CTO of the RFPA code, and Mr. Jian Liu provided support in the use of RFPA 3D—Flow Version. The authors also thank Zecheng Li (PhD candidate) for his support.

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  1. School of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Q. He, F. T. Suorineni & J. Oh

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  1. Q. He
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Correspondence to F. T. Suorineni.

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He, Q., Suorineni, F.T. & Oh, J. Strategies for Creating Prescribed Hydraulic Fractures in Cave Mining. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50, 967–993 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1141-7

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