Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Distributed deformation around the eastern tip of the Kunlun fault

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Whether active strain within the Indo-Asian collision zone is primarily localized along major strike-slip fault systems or is distributed throughout the intervening crust between faults remains uncertain. Despite refined estimates of slip rates along many of the major fault zones, relatively little is known about how displacement along these structures is accommodated at fault terminations. Here, we show that a systematic decrease in left-lateral slip rates along the eastern ~200 km of the Kunlun fault, from >10 mm/year to <1 mm/year, is coincident with high topography in the Anyemaqen Shan and with a broad zone of distributed shear and clockwise vorticity within the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphic analysis of river longitudinal profiles, coupled with inventories of cosmogenic radionuclides in fluvial sediment, reveal correlated variations in fluvial relief and erosion rate across the Anyemaqen Shan that reflect ongoing differential rock uplift across the range. Our results imply that the termination of the Kunlun fault system is accommodated by a combination of distributed crustal thickening and by clockwise rotation of the eastern fault segments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allmendinger RW, Reilinger R, Loveless J (2007) Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano. Tectonics 26(3):TC3013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avouac JP, Tapponnier P (1993) Kinematic model of active deformation in Central Asia. Geophys Res Lett 20:895–898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balco G, Stone JO, Lifton NA, Dunai TJ (2008) A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements. Quat Geochronol 3:174–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balco G, Stone JOH (2005) Measuring middle Pleistocene erosion rates with cosmic-ray-produced nuclides in buried alluvial sediment, Fisher valley, southeastern Utah. Earth Surf Process Land 30:1051–1067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr TD, Houseman GA (1992) Distribution of deformation around a fault in a non-linear ductile medium. Geophys Res Lett 19(11):1145–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barr TD, Houseman GA (1996) Deformation fields around a fault embedded in a non-linear ductile medium. Geophys J Int 125:473–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayasgalan A, Jackson J, Ritz J-F, Carretier S (1999) ‘Forebergs’, flower structures, and the development of large intra-continental strike-slip faults: the Gurvan Bogd fault system in Mongolia. J Struct Geol 21(10):1285–1302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bendick R, Bilham R, Freymueller JT, Larson K, Yin G (2000) Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system. Nature 404:69–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bookhagen B, Burbank DW (2010) Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge. J Geophys Res 115(F3):F03019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown ET, Bendick R, Bourles DL, Gaur V, Molnar P, Raisbeck GM, Yiou F (2002) Slip rates of the Karakorum Fault, Ladakh, India, determined using cosmic ray exposure dating of debris flows and moraines. J Geophys Res 107:(B9). doi:10.1029/2000JB000100

  • Burchfiel BC (2004) New technology: new geological challenges. GSA Today 14(2):4–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burchfiel BC, Deng Q, Molnar P, Royden LH, Wang Y, Zhang P, Zhang W (1989) Intracrustal detachments within zones of intracontinental deformation. Geology 17:452–478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burchfiel BC, Gizbert-Studnicki C, Geissman JW, King RW, Chen Z, Chen L, Wang E (2007) How much strain can continental crust accommodate without developing obvious through-going faults?. In: Sears JW, Harms TA, Evenchick CA (eds) Whence the mountains? Inquiries into the evolution of orogenic systems: a volume in honor of raymond a. Price: Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol 433. pp 51–61. doi:10.1130/2007.2433(03)

  • Burchfiel BC, Zhang P, Wang Y, Zhang W, Song F, Deng Q, Molnar P, Royden L (1991) Geology of the Haiyuan fault zone, Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, China, and its relation to the evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 10(6):1091–1110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardozo N, Allmendinger RW (2009) SSPX: a program to compute strain from displacement/velocity data. Comput Geosci 35(6):1343–1357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier M-L, Ryerson FJ, Tapponnier P, Finkel RC, Van der Woerd J, Li H, Liu Q (2005) Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum Fault may imply secular variations in fault motion. Science 307:411–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowgill E (2007) Impact of riser reconstruction on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting: revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh fault, NW China. Earth Planet Sci Lett 254(3–4):239–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowgill E, Gold R, Xuanhua C, Xiaofeng W, Arrowsmith JR, Southon J (2009) Low quaternary slip rates reconciles geodetic and geologic rates along the Altyn Tagh fault, northwestern Tibet. Geology 37(7):647–650. doi:10.1130/G25623A.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowie PA, Scholz CH (1992) Physical explanation for the displacement-length relationship of faults using a post-yield fracture mechanics model. J Struct Geol 14(10):1133–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock WH, Kirby E, Harkins NW, Zhang H, Shi X, Liu J (2010) Rapid fluvial incision along the Yellow River during headward basin integration. Nature Geosci 3:209–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock WH, Kirby E, Zhang H (2011) Late Miocene—Pliocene range growth in the interior of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Lithosphere 3(6):420–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby BT, Whipple KX (2006) Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology 82:16–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cyr AJ, Granger DE, Olivetti V, Molin P (2010) Quantifying rock uplift rates using channel steepness and cosmogenic nuclide-determined erosion rates: examples from northern and southern Italy. Lithosphere 2(3):188–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiBiase RA, Whipple KX, Heimsath AM, Ouimet WB (2010) Landscape form and millennial erosion rates in the San Gabriel Mountains CA. Earth Planet Sci Lett 289(1–2):134–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duvall A, Clark MK (2010) Dissipation of fast strike-slip faulting within and beyond northeastern TIbet. Geology 38(3):223–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duvall A, Kirby E, Burbank D (2004) Tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel profiles in coastal California. J Geophys Res 109:F03002. doi:10.1029/2003JF000086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott D (1976) The energy balance and deformation mechanisms of thrust sheet. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 283:289–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • England PC, Houseman GA (1988) The mechanics of the Tibetan Plateau. In: Chang C, Shackleton RM, Dewey JF, Yin J (eds) The Geological Evolution of Tibet, vol 326 A. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, pp 301–320

  • England PC, Molnar P (1990) Right-lateral shear and rotation as the explanation for strike-slip faulting in eastern Tibet. Nature 344:140–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu B, Awata Y (2007) Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone, northern Tibet, inferred from geologic and geomorphic features. J Asian Earth Sci 29(2–3):253–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gan W, Zhang P, Shen Z-K, Niu Z, Wang M, Wan Y, Zhou D, Cheng J (2007) Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements. J Geophys Res 112(B8):B08416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold RD, Cowgill E (2011) Deriving fault-slip histories to test for secular variation in slip, with examples from the Kunlun and Awatere faults. Earth Planet Sci Lett 301(1–2):52–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold RD, Cowgill E, Arrowsmith JR, Chen X, Sharp WD, Cooper KM, Wang X-F (2011) Faulted terrace risers place new constraints on the late Quaternary slip rate for the central Altyn Tagh fault, northwest Tibet. Geoll Soc Am Bull 123:958–978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold RD, Cowgill E, Arrowsmith JR, Gosse J, Chen X, Wang X, Feng (2009) Riser diachroneity, lateral erosion, and uncertainty in rates of strike-slip faulting: A case study from Tuzidun along the Altyn Tagh Fault, NW China. J Geophys Res 114(B4):B04401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosse JC, Phillips FM (2001) Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application. Quat Sci Rev 20:1475–1560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granger DE, Kirchner JW, Finkel RC (1996) Spatially averaged long-term erosion rates measured from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides in Alluvial sediment. J Geol 104:249–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harkins N, Kirby E (2008) Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults: an example from the Kunlun fault, China. Geophys Res Letters 35:L05406. doi:10.1029/2007GL033073

  • Harkins N, Kirby E, Heimsath A, Robinson R, Reiser U (2007) Transient fluvial incision in the headwaters of the Yellow River, northeastern Tibet, China. J Geophys Res 112:F03S04. doi:10.1029/2006JF000570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harkins N, Kirby E, Shi X, Wang E, Burbank D, Chun F (2010) Millennial slip-rates along the eastern Kunlun fault; implications for the dynamics of intracontinental deformation in Asia. GSA Lithosphere 2(4):247–266. doi:10.1130/L85.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilley GE, Arrowsmith JR (2008) Geomorphic response to uplift along the Dragon’s Back pressure ridge, Carrizo Plain, California. Geology 36:367–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt WE, Ni JF, Wallace TC, Haines AJ (1991) The active tectonics of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis and surrounding regions. J Geophys Res 96:14595–14632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houseman G, England P (1993) Crustal thickening versus lateral expulsion in the Indian-Asian continental collision. J Geophys Res 98:12,233–212,249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jolivet M, Brunel M, Seward D, Xu Z, Yang J, Roger F, Tapponnier P, Malavieille J, Arnaud N, Wu C (2001) Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the northern edge of the Tibetan plateau: fission-track constraints. Tectonophysics 343:111–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karplus MS, Zhao W, Klemperer SL, Wu Z, Mechie J, Shi D, Brown LD, Chen C (2011) Injection of Tibetan crust beneath the south Qaidam Basin: evidence from INDEPTH IV wide-angle seismic data. J Geophys Res 116:B07301. doi:10.1029/2010JB007911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd WSF, Molnar P (1988) Quaternary and active faulting observed on the 1985 Academia Sinica-Royal Society Geotraverse of Tibet. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 327:337–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E, Harkins N, Wang E, Shi X, Fan C, Burbank D (2007) Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault. Tectonics 26:TC2010. doi:10.1029/2006TC002033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E, Ouimet W (2011) Tectonic geomorphology along the eastern margin of Tibet: insights into the pattern and processes of active deformation adjacent to the Sichuan Basin. Geol Soc Lond Special Publ 353(1):165–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E, Whipple K (2001) Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis. Geology 29(5):415–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E, Whipple KX (2012) Expression of active tectonics in erosional landscapes. J Struct Geol 44:54–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby E, Whipple KX, Tang W, Chen Z (2003) Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles. J Geophys Res 108(B4):2217. doi:10.1029/2001JB000861

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal D (1991) Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models. Earth Planet Sci Lett 104:424–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Van der Woerd J, Tapponnier P, Klinger Y, Qi X, Yang J, Zhu Y (2005) Slip rate on the Kunlun fault at Hongshui Gou, and recurrence time of great events comparable to the 14/11/2001, Mw ~ 7.9 Kokoxili earthquake. Earth Planet Sci Lett 237:285–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin A, Guo J (2008) Nonuniform slip rate and millennial recurrance interval of large earthquakes along the eastern segment of the Kunlun fault, northern Tibet. Bull Seismol Soc Am 98(6):2866–2878. doi:10.1785/0120070193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loveless JP, Meade BJ (2011) Partitioning of localized and diffuse deformation in the Tibetan Plateau from joint inversions of geologic and geodetic observations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 303(1–2):11–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meade BJ (2007) Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone. Geology 35(1):81–84. doi:10.1130/G22924A.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mériaux A-S, Ryerson FJ, Tapponnier P, Van der Woerd J, Finkel RC, Xu X, Xu Z, Caffee MW (2004) Rapid slip along the central Altyn Tagh Fault: morphochronologic evidence from Cherchen He and Sulamu Tagh. J Geophys Res 109:B06401. doi:10.1029/2003JB002558

  • Molnar P, Dayem KE (2010) Major intracontinental strike-slip faults and contrasts in lithospheric strength. Geosphere 6(4):444–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MA, Yin A, Harrison TM, Durr SB, Chen Z, Ryerson FJ, Kidd WSF, Wang X, Zhou X (1997) Did the Indo-Asian collision alone create the Tibetan Plateau? Geology 25(8):719–722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemi NA, Oskin M, Burbank DW, Heimsath AM, Gabet EJ (2005) Effects of bedrock landslides on cosmogenically determined erosion rates. Earth Planet Sci Lett 237(3–4):480–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouimet WB, Whipple KX, Granger DE (2009) Beyond threshold hillslopes: channel adjustment to base-level fall in tectonically active mountain ranges. Geology 37(7):579–582. doi:10.1130/G30013A.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portenga EW, Bierman PR (2011) Understanding Earth’s eroding surface with 10Be. GSA Today 21(8):4–10. doi:10.1130/G111A.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratschbacher L, Frisch W, Liu G, Chen C (1994) Distributed deformation in southern and western Tibet during and after the India-Asia collision. J Geophys Res 99:19,917–919,945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rice JR (1968) Mathematical analysis in the mechanics of fracture, vol 2. Fracture: an advanced treatise. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Safran EB, Bierman PR, Aalto R, Dunne T, Whipple KX, Caffee M (2005) Erosion rates driven by channel network incision in the Bolivian Andes. Earth Surf Proc Land 30(8):1007–1024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segall P, Pollard DD (1980) Mechanics of discontinuous faults. J Geophys Res 85(B8):4337–4350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen Z-K, Lü J, Wang M, Bürgmann R (2005) Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research 110:B11409. doi:10.1029/2004JB003421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder NP, Whipple KX, Tucker GE, Merritts DJ (2000) Landscape response to tectonic forcing: digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California. Geol Soc Am Bull 112(8):1250–1263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JO (2000) Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production. J Geophys Res 105:23,753–723,759

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapponnier P, Meyer B, Avouac J-P, Gaudemer Y, Peltzer G, Guo S, Xiang H, Yin K, Chen Z, Cai S, Dai H (1990) Active thrusting and folding in the Qi Lian Shan, and decoupling between the upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 97:382–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Le Dain AY, Armijo R, Cobbold P (1982) Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: new insight from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology 10:611–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thatcher W (2007) Microplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet. J Geophys Res 112:B01401. doi:10.1029/2005JB004244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Woerd J, Ryerson FJ, Tapponnier P, Gaudemer Y, Finkel R, Meriaux AS, Caffee M, Zhao G, He Q (1998) Holocene left-slip rate determined by cosmogenic surface dating on the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Fault (Qinghai, China). Geology 26(8):695–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Woerd J, Ryerson FJ, Tapponnier P, Meriaux A-S, Gaudemer Y, Meyer B, Finkel RC, Caffee MW, Zhao G, Xu Z (2000) Uniform slip-rate along the Kunlun Fault: implications for seismic behavior and large-scale tectonics. Geophys Res Lett 27:2353–2356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Woerd J, Tapponnier P, Ryerson FJ, Meriaux A-S, Meyer B, Gaudemer Y, Finkel RC, Caffee MW, Zhao G, Xu Z (2002) Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault (Tibet), from 26Al, 10Be, and 14C dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology. Geophys J Int 148:356–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vergne J, Wittlinger G, Hui Q, Tapponnier P, Poupinet G, Mei J, Herquel G, Paul A (2002) Seismic evidence for stepwise thickening of the crust across the NE Tibetan plateau. Earth Planet Sci Lett 203(1):25–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Gao R, Yin A, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo T, Li Q, Li Y (2011) A mid-crustal strain-transfer model for continental deformation: a new perspective from high-resolution deep seismic-reflection profiling across NE Tibet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 306(3–4):279–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Xue B (1996) The environmental history of the Ruoergai Basin since the middle Pleistocene and the comparative study with that of the Loess Plateau. Sci China Ser D 26:323–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Weislogel AL (2008) Tectonostratigraphic and geochronologic constraints on evolution of the northeast Paleotethys from the Songpan-Ganzi complex, central China. Tectonophysics 451:331–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple KX, Tucker GE (1999) Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: implications for heightlimits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. J Geophys Res 104:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Wobus CW, Hodges KV, Whipple KX (2003) Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front? Geology 31(10):861–864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wobus CW, Whipple KX, Kirby E, Snyder NP, Johnson J, Spyropolou K, Crosby B, Sheehan D (2006) Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls. In: Willett SD, Hovius N, Brandon MT, Fisher DM (eds) Tectonics, climate, and landscape evolution, vol Special Paper 398 Penrose Conference Series. Geologic Society of America, America, pp 55–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright TJ, Parsons B, England PC, Fielding EJ (2004) InSAR observations of low slip rates on the major faults of Western Tibet. Science 305:236–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Wen X, Chen G, Yu G (2008) Discovery of the Longriba fault zone in Eastern Bayan Har Block, China and its tectonic implication. Sci China Ser D 51(9):1209–1223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu ZJ, Song X (2010) Joint inversion for crustal and Pn velocities and Moho depth in Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonophysics 491(1–4):185–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Ritzwoller MH, Zheng Y, Shen W, Levshin AL, Xie Z (2012) A synoptic view of the distribution and connectivity of the mid-crustal low velocity zone beneath Tibet. J Geophys Res 117:B04303. doi:10.1029/2011JB008810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan D, Champagnac JD, Ge W, Molnar P, Zhang P, Zheng W, Zhang H, Liu X (2011) Late quaternary right-lateral slip rates of faults adjacent to the lake Qinghai, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geol Soc Am Bull 123:2016–2030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Craddock WH, Lease RO, Wang W, Yuan D, Zhang P, Molnar P, Zheng D, Zheng W (2011) Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Chaka basin and its implications for mountain building processes in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Basin Res. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00512.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P, Molnar P, Xu X (2007) Late Quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics 26:TC5010. doi:10.1029/2006TC002014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P-Z, Shen Z-K, Wang M, Gan W, Burgmann R, Molnar P, Wang Q, Niu Z, Sun J, Wu J, Hanrong S, Xinzhao Y (2004) Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data. Geology 32(9):809–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Doug Burbank, Marin Clark, Bill Craddock, Alison Duvall, Peter Molnar, Will Ouimet, and members of the SMURF seminar series at Potsdam University for thoughtful feedback regarding this work. Reviews by Xiao Wenjiao, Rasmus Thiede, Soumyajit Mukherjee, and an anonymous reviewer significantly improved the manuscript. We thank Christian Dullo and Monika Dullo for their editorial efforts. Our research was supported by the Tectonics program of the National Science Foundation (EAR-0229955) and by a NASA Graduate Research Program Fellowship. Kirby thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for support during the completion of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Eric Kirby & Nathan Harkins

  2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany

    Eric Kirby

  3. ExxonMobil Upstream Research Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Nathan Harkins

Authors
  1. Eric Kirby
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nathan Harkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric Kirby.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kirby, E., Harkins, N. Distributed deformation around the eastern tip of the Kunlun fault. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 102, 1759–1772 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0872-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0872-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation