Skip to main content
Log in

Analyzing autostereoscopic environment configurations for the design of videogames

  • Regular Paper
  • Published:
Multimedia Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Stereoscopic devices are becoming more popular every day. The 3D visualization that these displays offer is being used by videogame designers to enhance the user’s game experience. Autostereoscopic monitors offer the possibility of obtaining this 3D visualization without the need for extra device. This fact makes them more attractive to videogame developers. However, the configuration of the cameras that make it possible to obtain an immersive 3D visualization inside the game is still an open problem. In this paper, some system configurations that create autostereoscopic visualization in a 3D game engine were evaluated to obtain a good accommodation of the user experience with the game. To achieve this, user tests that take into account the movement of the player were carried out to evaluate different camera configurations, namely, dynamic and static converging optical axis and parallel optical axis. The purpose of these tests is to evaluate the user experience regarding visual discomfort resulting from the movement of the objects, with the purpose of assessing the preference for one configuration or the other. The results show that the users tend to have a preference trend for the parallel optical axis configuration set. This configuration seems to be optimal because the area where the moving objects are focused is deeper than in the other configurations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tam, W.J., Speranza, F., Va´zquez, C., Renaud, R., Hur, N.: Visual comfort: stereoscopic objects moving in the horizontal and mid-sagittal planes. In: Proceedings of SPIE 8288, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXIII, pp. 82–88(13) (2012)

  2. Yano, S., Emoto, M., Mitsuhashi, T.: Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images. Displays 25(4), 141–150 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Speranza, F., Tam, W., Renaud, R., Hur, N.: Effect of disparity and motion on visual comfort of stereoscopic images. Proc. SPIE Stereosc. Disp. Virtual Real. Syst. 6055, 94–103 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kuze, J., Ukai, K.: Subjective evaluation of visual fatigue caused by motion images. Displays 29(2), 159–166 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Li, J., Barkowsky, M., Callet, P.L.: Visual discomfort of stereoscopic 3d videos: influence of 3d motion. Displays 35(1), 49–57 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lambooij, M., Fortuin, M., Ijsselsteijn, W., Evans, B., Heynderickx, I.: Measuring visual fatigue and visual discomfort associated with 3-d displays. J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(11), 931–943 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Woods, A.: Understanding crosstalk in stereoscopic displays. In: International Conference on 3D Systems and Applications (3DSA), Tokyo, Japan (2010)

  8. Brunnstrom, K., Wang, K., Tavakoli, S., Andren, B.: Symptoms analysis of 3D TV viewing based on Simulators Sickness Questionnaries. Qual. User Exp. 2(1), 1–15 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Charman, W.N.: The eye in focus: accommodation and presbyopi. Clin. Exp. Optom. 91(3), 207–225 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoffman, D.M., Girshick, A.R., Akeley, K., Banks, M.S.: Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. J. Vis. 8(3), 1–30 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Howarth, P.A.: Potential hazards of viewing 3-d stereoscopic television, cinema and computer games: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 31, 115–122 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Johnson, D.M.: Introduction to and review of simulator sickness research, Research Report 1832, U.S Army Research Institute (2005)

  13. Ukai, K., Howarth, P.A.: Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images: background, theories, and observations. Displays 29(2), 106–116 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Holliman, N.: 3D display systems. Science 38(8), 31–36 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Li, J., Barkowsky, M., Le Callet, P.: The influence of relative disparity and planar motion velocity on visual discomfort of stereoscopic videos. In: International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience QoMEX, Mechelen, Belgium, pp. 1–6 (2011)

  16. Hassenzahl, M., Tractinsky, N.: User experience—a research agenda. Behav. Inf. Technol. 25(2), 91–97 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jumisko-Pyykko, S., Weitzel, M., Strohmeier, D.: Designing for user experience: what to expect from mobile 3D tv and video? In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Designing Interactive User Experiences for TV and Video, New York, USA, ACM, pp. 183–192 (2008)

  18. McIntire, J.P., Havig, P.R., Geiselman, E.E.: Stereoscopic 3d displays and human performance: a comprehensive review. Displays 35(1), 18–26 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Takatalo, J., Kawai, T., Kaistinen, J., Nyman, G., Hakkinen, J.: User experience in 3d stereoscopic games. Media Psychol. 14(4), 387–414 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mahoney, N., Oikonomou, A., Wilson, D.: Stereoscopic 3d in videogames: a review of current design practices and challenges. In: 16th International Conference on Computer Games (CGAMES), pp. 148–155 (2011)

  21. Schild, J., Masuch, M.: Fundamentals of stereoscopic 3d game design. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Entertainment Computing, ICEC11, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 155–160 (2011)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Jin, Z.X., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, X., Plocher, T.: Evaluating the Usability of an Auto-stereoscopic Display, vol. 18, pp. 605–614. Springer, Berlin (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chen, C., Wang, J., Li, K., Liu, Y., Chen, X.: Visual fatigue caused by watching 3dtv: an fMRI study. Biomed. Eng. Online 14(1), S12 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lambooij, M.T.M., Ijsselsteijn, W.A., Heynderickx, I.: Visual discomfort in stereoscopic displays: a review. Proc. SPIE 6490, 64900I–6490013I (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Gonzalez, C., Martınez Sotoca, J., Pla, F., Chover, M.: Synthetic content generation for autostereoscopic displays. Multimed. Tools Appl. 72(1), 385–415 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sexton, I., Surman, P.: Stereoscopic and autostereoscopic display systems. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 16(3), 85–99 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Unity 3d game engine. https://unity3d.com/es. Accessed 02 Feb 2018

  28. Onural, L., Ozaktas, H.M.: Three-Dimensional Television: From Science-Fiction to Reality, pp. 1–9. Springer, Berlin (2008)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Brockmyer, J.H., Fox, C.M., Curtiss, K.A., McBroom, E., Burkhart, K.M., Pidruzny, J.N.: The development of the Game Engagement Questionnaire: a measure of engagement in videogame-playing. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 45, 624–634 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Nacke, L.; Lindley, C.A.: Flow and immersion in first-person shooters: measuring the player’s gameplay experience. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Future Play: Research, Play, Share (Future Play ‘08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 81–88 (2008)

  31. Shibata, T., Kim, J., Hoffman, D.M., Banks, M.S.: The zone of comfort: predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. J. Vis. 11(8), 11 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Code and data of the developed experiments. https://github.com/ceviUJI/autostereo. Accessed Apr 2019

  33. Garcıa, S., Fernandez, A., Luengo, J., Herrera, F.: Advanced nonparametric tests for multiple comparisons in the design of experiments in computational intelligence and data mining: Experimental analysis of power. Inf. Sci. Spec. Issue Intell. Distrib. Inf. Syst. 180(10), 2044–2064 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (Project TIN2016-75866-C3-1-R) and the Universitat Jaume I research project (UJI-B2018-56).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Inmaculada Remolar.

Additional information

Communicated by A. Mauthe.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sotoca, J.M., Chover, M., Remolar, I. et al. Analyzing autostereoscopic environment configurations for the design of videogames. Multimedia Systems 25, 709–722 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-019-00621-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-019-00621-z

Keywords

Navigation