Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Hybrid GA for multi-objective design of heavy goods vehicle suspension system

  • Optimization
  • Published:
Soft Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The multi-objective design of suspension system for multi-axle heavy goods vehicle (HGV) is presented in this paper. Minimum road damage and goods damage are taken as design criteria for design. The objective function and constraint calculation in suspension design involve dynamic responses of the vehicle that has a high computational cost. Hence, a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed for fast convergence. Proposed hybrid GA is designed using the selection method of two different genetic algorithms, i.e. non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and 2-objective geometry inspired genetic algorithm (2GIGA). Proposed hybrid GA is tested for different benchmarking optimization problems along with suspension optimization problems. Two types of suspension systems, passive and semi-active suspensions, are designed. A semi-active suspension system design involves designing a controller for a controllable damper along with passive elements. An improvised control law using a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is used for the semi-active suspension system of multi-axle HGV. This control law is designed in such a way that it will eliminate the need for a passive damper in a semi-active suspension system. Results of the proposed hybrid GA are compared with the NSGA-II and 2GIGA. The proposed hybrid GA is performing better and saves significant computational cost for the suspension design of HGV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and material

Not applicable.

References

  • Aba IP, Gana YM, Ogbonnaya C, Morenikeji O (2012) Simulated transport damage study on fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits. Agric Eng Int CIGR J 14(2):119–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Agostinacchio M, Ciampa D, Olita S (2014) The vibrations induced by surface irregularities in road pavements-a matlab® approach. Eur Transp Res Rev 6(3):267–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-013-0127-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi E, Goldengorin B, Süer GA, Mosadegh H (2018) A hybrid method of 2-tsp and novel learning-based GA for job sequencing and tool switching problem. Appl Soft Comput 65:214–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Alkhatib R, Jazar GN, Golnaraghi MF (2004) Optimal design of passive linear suspension using genetic algorithm. J Sound Vib 275(3):665–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2003.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baez F (2014) Multi-objective optimization and performance evaluation of active, semi-active and passive suspensions for forestry machines. Master’s thesis, KTH, Machine Design (Dept.), Stockholm (Sweden)

  • Barchi G, Berardinelli A, Guarnieri A, Ragni L, Fila CT (2002) Ph–postharvest technology: damage to loquats by vibration-simulating intra-state transport. Biosys Eng 82(3):305–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Barroso ES, Parente E, De Melo AMC (2017) A hybrid PSO-GA algorithm for optimization of laminated composites. Struct Multidiscip Optim 55(6):2111–2130

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Bashir A, Rui X, Shehzad A (2019) Ride comfort enhancement of mr-damped vehicle suspension system based on fractional order fuzzy PI+D controller. in: International design engineering technical conferences and computers and information in engineering conference, vol Volume 6: 15th International Conference on Multibody Systems, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Control

  • Berardinelli A, Donati V, Giunchi A, Guarnieri A, Ragni L (2003) Effects of sinusoidal vibrations on quality indices of shell eggs. Biosys Eng 86(3):347–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Berardinelli A, Donati V, Giunchi A, Guarnieri A, Ragni L (2005) Damage to pears caused by simulated transport. J Food Eng 66(2):219–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Böröcz P, Singh SP (2017) Measurement and analysis of vibration levels in rail transport in central Europe. Packag Technol Sci 30(8):361–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Cebon D (1993) Interaction between heavy vehicles and roads. In: SAE international congress and exposition, SAE International, https://doi.org/10.4271/930001

  • Chan CM, Wong KM (2005) An efficient hybrid genetic algorithm for structural form and element sizing design optimization of tall steel frameworks. In: Proceedings of 6th World congress of structural and multidisciplinary optimization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Citeseer, vol 30

  • Chonhenchob V, Sittipod S, Swasdee D, Rachtanapun P, Singh S, Singh JA (2009) Effect of truck vibration during transport on damage to fresh produce shipments in Thailand. Industrial Technology, p 6

  • Chou CH, Hsieh SC, Qiu CJ (2017) Hybrid genetic algorithm and fuzzy clustering for bankruptcy prediction. Appl Soft Comput 56:298–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole DJ, Cebon D, Besinger FH (1994) Optimisation of passive and semi-active heavy vehicle suspensions. SAE Trans 103:567–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T (2002) A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans Evol Comput 6(2):182–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.996017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Demerdash SM, Rabeih EMA (2004) Ride performance analysis of multi-axle combat vehicles. In: SAE 2004 automotive dynamics, stability and controls conference and exhibition, SAE International

  • Esmaelian M, Shahmoradi H, Vali M (2016) A novel classification method: a hybrid approach based on extension of the utadis with polynomial and PSO-GA algorithm. Appl Soft Comput 49:56–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Funt RC, Cameron EA, Banks NH (1999) The effect of apple fruit bruising on total returns. Res Circ Ohio Agric Res Dev Center 299:55–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Gálvez A, Iglesias A (2013) A new iterative mutually coupled hybrid GA-PSO approach for curve fitting in manufacturing. Appl Soft Comput 13(3):1491–1504

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Romeu-Martinez MA, Singh SP, Cloquell-Ballester VA (2008) Measurement and analysis of vibration levels for truck transport in Spain as a function of payload, suspension and speed. Packag Technol Sci Int J 21(8):439–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Gebresenbet G, Eriksson B (1998) Effects of transport and handling on animal welfare, meat quality and environment with special emphasis on tied cows. Tech. rep

  • Gebresenbet G, Aradom S, Bulitta FS, Hjerpe E (2011) Vibration levels and frequencies on vehicle and animals during transport. Biosys Eng 110(1):10–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanafi D (2010) Pid controller design for semi-active car suspension based on model from intelligent system identification. In: 2010 Second international conference on computer engineering and applications, IEEE, vol 2, pp 60–63, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCEA.2010.168

  • Hardy MSA, Cebon D (1993) Response of continuous pavements to moving dynamic loads. J Eng Mech 119(9):1762–1780. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1993)119:9(1762)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick JK, Yi K (1991) The effect of alternative heavy truck suspensions on flexible pavement response

  • Hinsch R, Slaughter D, Craig W, Thompson J (1993) Vibration of fresh fruits and vegetables during refrigerated truck transport. Trans ASAE 36(4):1039–1042

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde GM, Bajema RW, Zhang W (1993) Measurement of impact damage thresholds in fruits and vegetables. In Proceedings of IV International Symposium fruits, nut and vegetable production engineering, Valencia-Zaragoza, Spain, pp 22–26

  • Jahren CT, Smith D, Thorius J, Rukashaza-Mukome M, White D, Johnson G (2005) Economics of upgrading an aggregate road. Tech. rep

  • Jarimopas B, Singh SP, Saengnil W (2005) Measurement and analysis of truck transport vibration levels and damage to packaged tangerines during transit. Packag Technol Sci Int J 18(4):179–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones C, Holt J, Schoorl D (1991) A model to predict damage to horticultural produce during transport. J Agric Eng Res 50:259–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaldas MM, Soliman AM (2013) Improvement of bus ride comfort via active suspension and connected dampers. In: SAE 2013 world congress and exhibition, SAE International

  • Kao YT, Zahara E (2008) A hybrid genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for multimodal functions. Appl Soft Comput 8(2):849–857

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnopp D, Crosby MJ, Harwood RA (1974) Vibration control using semi-active force generators. J Eng Ind 96(2):619–626. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3438373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lajqi S, Pehan S (2012) Designs and optimizations of active and semi-active non-linear suspension systems for a terrain vehicle. Strojniški vestnik - J Mech Eng 58(12):732–743. https://doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2012.776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu F, Ishikawa Y, Kitazawa H, Satake T (2010) Effect of vehicle speed on shock and vibration levels in truck transport. Packag Technol Sci Int J 23(2):101–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyu Z, Wei Z, Pan J, Chen H, Xia C, Han J, Shi L (2019) Periodic charging planning for a mobile WCE in wireless rechargeable sensor networks based on hybrid PSO and GA algorithm. Appl Soft Comput 75:388–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoodabadi MJ, Safaie AA, Bagheri A, Nariman-Zadeh N (2013) A novel combination of particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm for pareto optimal design of a five-degree of freedom vehicle vibration model. Appl Soft Comput 13(5):2577–2591

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins I, Esteves M, da Silva FP, Verdelho P (1999) Electromagnetic hybrid active-passive vehicle suspension system. In: 1999 IEEE 49th vehicular technology conference (Cat. No. 99CH36363), IEEE, vol 3, pp 2273–2277, https://doi.org/10.1109/VETEC.1999.778470

  • Moretti CL, Sargent SA, Huber DJ, Calbo AG, Puschmann R (1998) Chemical composition and physical properties of pericarp, locule, and placental tissues of tomatoes with internal bruising. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 123(4):656–660

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahvi A, Zhang Y, Arabzadeh A, Gushgari SY, Ceylan H, Jahren CT, Gransberg DD, Kim S (2019) Economics of upgrading gravel roads to Otta seal surface. Appl Econ 51(44):4820–4832

    Google Scholar 

  • Opara UL, Pathare PB (2014) Bruise damage measurement and analysis of fresh horticultural produce–a review. Postharvest Biol Technol 91:9–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Parfitt J, Barthel M, Macnaughton S (2010) Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 365(1554):3065–3081

    Google Scholar 

  • Paternoster A, Vanlanduit S, Springael J, Braet J (2018) Measurement and analysis of vibration and shock levels for truck transport in Belgium with respect to packaged beer during transit. Food Packag Shelf Life 15:134–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Pathare PB, Opara UL (2014) Structural design of corrugated boxes for horticultural produce: a review. Biosys Eng 125:128–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Peleg K, Hinga S (1986) Simulation of vibration damage in produce transportation. Trans ASAE 29(2):633–0641

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter T, Cebon D, Cole D, Collop A (1995) An investigation of road damage due to measured dynamic tyre forces. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Automobile Eng 209(1):9–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Prabakar R, Sujatha C, Narayanan S (2009) Optimal semi-active preview control response of a half car vehicle model with magnetorheological damper. J Sound Vib 326(3–5):400–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Prabakar RS, Sujatha C, Narayanan S (2016) Response of a half-car model with optimal magnetorheological damper parameters. J Vib Control 22(3):784–798. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546314532300

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad V, Pawaskar DN, Seshu P (2021) Controller design and multi-objective optimization of heavy goods vehicle suspension system by geometry-inspired GA. Structural and multidisciplinary optimization, pp 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-021-02860-z

  • Rao LG, Narayanan S (2008) Preview control of random response of a half-car vehicle model traversing rough road. J Sound Vib 310(1–2):352–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissi GO, Singh SP, Burgess G, Singh J (2008) Measurement and analysis of truck transport environment in Brazil. Packag Technol Sci Int J 21(4):231–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross HLFP, Corne D (1994) A promising hybrid GA/heuristic approach for open-shop scheduling problems. In: Proceedings of 11th European conference on artificial intelligence, Citeseer, pp 590–594

  • Rostamzadeh R, Sabaghi M, Sofian S, Ismail Z (2015) Hybrid GA for material routing optimization in supply chain. Appl Soft Comput 26:107–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouillard V, Richmond R (2007) A novel approach to analysing and simulating railcar shock and vibrations. Packag Technol Sci Int J 20(1):17–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Sablani S, Opara L, Al-Balushi K (2006) Influence of bruising and storage temperature on vitamin c content of tomato fruit. J Food Agric Environ 4(1):54

    Google Scholar 

  • Saltveit Jr M, Locy R (1982) Cultivar differences in ethylene production by wounded sweet potato roots. Tech. rep

  • Singh J, Singh SP, Joneson E (2006) Measurement and analysis of us truck vibration for leaf spring and air ride suspensions, and development of tests to simulate these conditions. Packag Technol Sci Int J 19(6):309–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Marcondes J (1992) Vibration levels in commercial truck shipments as a function of suspension and payload. J Test Eval 20(6):466–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SP, Antle JR, Burgess GG (1992) Comparison between lateral, longitudinal, and vertical vibration levels in commercial truck shipments. Packag Technol Sci 5(2):71–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Skorsetch K, Reid R, Heiberger K (2015) Gravel roads construction and maintenance guide. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Admininstration Vol August 201

  • Soleimani B, Ahmadi E (2014) Measurement and analysis of truck vibration levels as a function of packages locations in truck bed and suspension. Comput Electron Agric 109:141–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Soleimani B, Ahmadi E (2015) Evaluation and analysis of vibration during fruit transport as a function of road conditions, suspension system and travel speeds. Eng Agric Environ Food 8(1):26–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Soliman AMA (2017) Effect of road disturbance on the ride performance of twin accumulator and semi-active suspension systems. In: WCX\(^{TM}\) 17: SAE world congress experience, SAE International

  • Stephens D, Rader R (1983) Effects of vibration, noise and restraint on heart rate, blood pressure and renal blood flow in the pig. J R Soc Med 76(10):841–847

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey R (2007) The canon of potato science: 44. Damage and bruising. Potato Res 50(3–4):391

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulaiman S, Samin PM, Jamaluddin H, Rahman RA, Bakar SAA (2015) Dynamic tire force control for light-heavy duty truck using semi active suspension system. In: 2015 International conference on computer, communications, and control technology (I4CT), IEEE, pp 98–102, https://doi.org/10.1109/I4CT.2015.7219545

  • Sun L (2002) Optimum design of “road-friendly” vehicle suspension systems subjected to rough pavement surfaces. Appl Math Model 26(5):635–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0307-904X(01)00079-8

  • Sun L, Cai X, Yang J (2007) Genetic algorithm-based optimum vehicle suspension design using minimum dynamic pavement load as a design criterion. J Sound Vib 301(1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2006.08.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun L, Deng X (1998) Predicting vertical dynamic loads caused by vehicle-pavement interaction. J Transp Eng 124(5):470–478. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1998)124:5(470)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamboli JA, Joshi SG (1999) Optimum design of a passive suspension system of a vehicle subjected to actual random road excitations. J Sound Vib 219(2):193–205. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1998.1882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao F, Feng Y, Zhang L, Liao TW (2014) Clps-GA: a case library and pareto solution-based hybrid genetic algorithm for energy-aware cloud service scheduling. Appl Soft Comput 19:264–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsampardoukas G, Stammers CW, Guglielmino E (2008) Hybrid balance control of a magnetorheological truck suspension. J Sound Vib 317(3):514–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2008.03.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Zeebroeck M, Ramon H, De Baerdemaeker J, Nicolaï B, Tijskens E et al (2007) Impact damage of apples during transport and handling. Postharvest Biol Technol 45(2):157–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Vursavuş KK, Özgüven F (2004) Determining the effects of vibration parameters and packaging method on mechanical damage in golden delicious apples. Turk J Agric Forestry 28(5):311–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhou G, Gao Q, Wang C (2018) Optimization of an auxetic jounce bumper based on gaussian process metamodel and series hybrid GA-SQP algorithm. Struct Multidiscip Optim 57(6):2515–2525

    Google Scholar 

  • Warriss P (1996) The welfare of animals during transport. Veterinary Annual (United Kingdom)

  • Wilson L, Boyette M, Estes E (1995) Postharvest handling and cooling of fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers for small farms. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Raleigh pp 800–804

  • Xu Y, Sun Z, Xue X, Gu W, Peng B (2020) A hybrid algorithm based on MOSFLA and GA for multi-uavs plant protection task assignment and sequencing optimization. Appl Soft Comput 96:106623

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang B, Choi S, Kim Y (2005) Vibration reduction optimum design of a steam-turbine rotor-bearing system using a hybrid genetic algorithm. Struct Multidiscip Optim 30(1):43–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Chen L, Li S (2015) Dynamics of vehicle-road coupled system. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou R, Su S, Yan L, Li Y (2007) Effect of transport vibration levels on mechanical damage and physiological responses of huanghua pears (Pyrus pyrifolia nakai, cv. huanghua). Postharvest Biol Technol 46(1):20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo W, Bai J, Li B (2014) A hybrid OC-GA approach for fast and global truss optimization with frequency constraints. Appl Soft Comput 14:528–535

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Vikas Prasad & Dnyanesh N. Pawaskar

  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, IIT Dharwad, Dharwad, 580011, India

    Pasumarthy Seshu

Authors
  1. Vikas Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dnyanesh N. Pawaskar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pasumarthy Seshu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vikas Prasad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Code availability

MATLAB codes for generalized hybrid scheme (Algorithm 1 step-8 to step-12 ) and methods from 2GIGA (Prasad et al. 2021) are shared in the appendix.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix - MATLAB code

Appendix - MATLAB code

Generalized Hybrid Scheme (Problem CONSTR)

figure b

Parent Selection 2GIGA (Prasad et al. 2021)

figure c

Next-Generation Selection 2GIGA (Prasad et al. 2021)

figure d
figure e
figure f
figure g

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Prasad, V., Pawaskar, D.N. & Seshu, P. Hybrid GA for multi-objective design of heavy goods vehicle suspension system. Soft Comput 27, 10719–10735 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-08235-4

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-08235-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation