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Chilling and heat requirements for flowering in temperate fruit trees

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Abstract

Climate change has affected the rates of chilling and heat accumulation, which are vital for flowering and production, in temperate fruit trees, but few studies have been conducted in the cold-winter climates of East Asia. To evaluate tree responses to variation in chill and heat accumulation rates, partial least squares regression was used to correlate first flowering dates of chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) and jujube (Zizyphus jujube Mill.) in Beijing, China, with daily chill and heat accumulation between 1963 and 2008. The Dynamic Model and the Growing Degree Hour Model were used to convert daily records of minimum and maximum temperature into horticulturally meaningful metrics. Regression analyses identified the chilling and forcing periods for chestnut and jujube. The forcing periods started when half the chilling requirements were fulfilled. Over the past 50 years, heat accumulation during tree dormancy increased significantly, while chill accumulation remained relatively stable for both species. Heat accumulation was the main driver of bloom timing, with effects of variation in chill accumulation negligible in Beijing’s cold-winter climate. It does not seem likely that reductions in chill will have a major effect on the studied species in Beijing in the near future. Such problems are much more likely for trees grown in locations that are substantially warmer than their native habitats, such as temperate species in the subtropics and tropics.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)’s project on “Response of Rhododendron arboreum Smith to climate change in Eastern Himalaya” (No: 31270524) and another Key Project of NSFC (No: 41030101). Further support was supplied by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research Program 6: Forests, Trees and Agroforestry, and Research Program 7: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. We greatly appreciate the staff in the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research at the Chinese Academy of Sciences for organizing, collecting and publishing phenology data across China over several decades. We also thank the field editor from the International Journal of Biometeorology and two anonymous reviewers provided constructive comments on earlier drafts of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei Road 132, Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China

    Liang Guo & Jianchu Xu

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Liang Guo

  3. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Junhu Dai

  4. World Agroforestry Centre, East-Asia Node, Kunming, 650201, China

    Sailesh Ranjitkar, Haiying Yu & Jianchu Xu

  5. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya

    Eike Luedeling

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  1. Liang Guo
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  2. Junhu Dai
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  3. Sailesh Ranjitkar
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  4. Haiying Yu
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  5. Jianchu Xu
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Correspondence to Jianchu Xu or Eike Luedeling.

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Guo, L., Dai, J., Ranjitkar, S. et al. Chilling and heat requirements for flowering in temperate fruit trees. Int J Biometeorol 58, 1195–1206 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-013-0714-3

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