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Linking meteorological patterns shift to hydrological extremes in a lake watershed across the mid-high latitude transition region

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Abstract

Climate transition at different scales complicates the dynamics of catchment water cycle. Examination of meteorological pattern shift enables us to have a deeper insight of the mechanism in hydrological extremes. Lake Hulun, the largest freshwater lake in Northern China, plays an important role in maintaining the regional ecological  sustainability. The abrupt decrease of water level in the lake after 2000 has resulted in serious impacts on the lake’s ecosystem. This paper presents a systematic analysis by linking meteorological dynamics with hydrological extremes based on the long-term precipitation, river discharge, and evapotranspiration (ET) data in the Lake Hulun watershed, which is a transition zone from desert to wetland and to permafrost along the Mongolia–China borderline. The results indicate that signals of large-scale precipitation variations can be well identified by using the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF). Spatially, the precipitation in the Lake Hulun watershed is dominated by two leading EOF patterns at the basin scale. The two leading patterns present complementary features of the high value centers in space. The amplitudes evolution of the leading patterns of EOF reveal that the redistribution of precipitation that occurred more in the middle flat plain and less in the mountain regions of the watershed triggers a big effect on the increasing ET and weakening runoff production due to the spatial heterogeneity in  hydrological processes. Such effects are echoed by the trend patterns in precipitation and ET. The mechanism of the precipitation pattern shift is also confirmed by the large scale meteorological variations in geopotential and water vapor transport. Therefore, the change in the leading patterns of precipitation and the effects in ET triggered by the pattern shift in precipitation are the major causes of decrease in watershed runoff and the hydrological extremes in the terminal lake.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFA0602302, 2019YFA0607100), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (2019QZKK0202), the Natural Science Foundation of China (41671028), Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia (ZDZX2018054), the National Geographic Air and Water Conservation Fund (GEFC09-15), and the Sino-German Scientific Center (GZ1213). Constructive comments from colleagues and anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China

    Zhandong Sun & Tom Lotz

  2. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China

    Tom Lotz

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Correspondence to Zhandong Sun.

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Sun, Z., Lotz, T. Linking meteorological patterns shift to hydrological extremes in a lake watershed across the mid-high latitude transition region. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 34, 1121–1134 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01822-z

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