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Differential anatomical response of Norway spruce stem tissues to sterile and fungus infected inoculations

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Abstract

The anatomical defense responses in stems of Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones of different resistance to pathogenic fungi were characterized over time and distance from small mechanical wounds or wounds inoculated with the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum. Common responses for both treatments included division of ray parenchyma and other cells in the cambial zone, accumulation of phenolic inclusions in ray parenchyma cells, activation of phloem parenchyma (PP) cells, and formation of traumatic resin ducts (TDs) in the xylem. TD formation occurred synchronously from a tangential layer of cells, or symplasmic domain, within the zone of xylem mother cells. TD induction is triggered by a signal, which propagates a developmental wave in the axial direction at about 2.5 cm per day. TDs are formed at least 30 cm above single inoculations within 16–36 days after inoculation. The size and number of TDs is attenuated further away from the inoculation site, indicating a dose-dependent activity leading to TD development. Compared to sterile wounding, fungal inoculation gave rise to more and larger TDs in all clones, and multiple rows of TDs in weak clones. Fungal inoculation also induced the formation of more new PP cells, increasing the number of PP cells in the phloem in the year of inoculation up to 100%. TD and PP cell formation was greater in susceptible compared to resistant clones and after fungal versus sterile inoculation. Potential mechanisms responsible for this variable response are discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grant no. 104023/110 from the Research Council of Norway to H.S. The work is part of an international scientific effort on conifer defense mechanisms (CONDEF group). The excellent technical assistance of Elisabeth Reed and Martin A. Krekling is kindly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, EM, Agricultural University of Norway, 1432, Ås, Norway

    Trygve Krekling

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA

    Vincent R. Franceschi

  3. Division of Forest Ecology, Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Høgskoleveien 12, 1432, Ås, Norway

    Paal Krokene & Halvor Solheim

Authors
  1. Trygve Krekling
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  2. Vincent R. Franceschi
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  3. Paal Krokene
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  4. Halvor Solheim
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Correspondence to Halvor Solheim.

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Krekling, T., Franceschi, V.R., Krokene, P. et al. Differential anatomical response of Norway spruce stem tissues to sterile and fungus infected inoculations. Trees 18, 1–9 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0266-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-003-0266-y

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