Abstract
Background
The last three decades have witnessed significant improvements in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of rectal cancer leading to a more tailored approach. One of the most clinically relevant advances in this field is represented by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Several studies have investigated its role in the treatment of rectal cancer. However, evidence-based recommendations are limited. The aim of this report is to provide an evidence-based review of current indications, controversies and future perspectives of TEM in the management of rectal cancer.
Methods
A review of the literature has been performed in PubMed/Medline electronic databases and the Cochrane Library. Quality of evidence was evaluated according to the GRADE system.
Results
TEM allows to perform a more accurate en bloc full-thickness local excision of rectal tumors than transanal excision. TEM alone seems to provide similar oncologic results in selected T1sm1 N0 rectal cancers to those achieved by rectal resection and total mesorectal excision (TME), without impairing anorectal function. The oncologic outcomes of neoadjuvant therapy followed by TEM for selected T2 N0 rectal cancers are promising, but this approach is still under evaluation. A word of caution comes from the increased rate of suture dehiscence and rectal pain after TEM. TEM is a promising tool for the surgical treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer as a platform for transanal TME.
Conclusions
Selected T1 rectal cancers with favorable features may be effectively treated with TEM without jeopardizing long-term oncologic outcomes. The lack of adequate lymphadenectomy represents the main concern of this approach for the treatment of rectal cancer. Several approaches are under evaluation to overcome this limitation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
van der Pas MH, Haglind E, Cuesta MA, Fürst A, Lacy AM, Hop WC, Bonjer HJ, COlorectal cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection II (COLOR II) Study Group (2013) Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer (COLOR II): short-term outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14:210–218
Bryant CL, Lunniss PJ, Knowles CH, Thaha MA, Chan CL (2012) Anterior resection syndrome. Lancet Oncol 13(9):e403–e408
Andersson J, Abis G, Gellerstedt M, Angenete E, Angerås U, Cuesta MA, Jess P, Rosenberg J, Bonjer HJ, Haglind E (2014) Patient-reported genitourinary dysfunction after laparoscopic and open rectal cancer surgery in a randomized trial (COLOR II). Br J Surg 101:1272–1279
Allaix ME, Arezzo A, Arolfo S, Caldart M, Rebecchi F, Morino M (2013) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal neoplasms. How I do it. J Gastrointest Surg 17:586–592
Lee TG, Lee SJ (2014) Transanal single-port microsurgery for rectal tumors: minimal invasive surgery under spinal anesthesia. Surg Endosc 28:271–280
Suppiah A, Maslekar S, Alabi A, Hartley JE, Monson JR (2008) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in early rectal cancer: time for a trial? Colorectal Dis 10:314–327
Bach SP, Hill J, Monson JR, Lane L, Merrie A, Warren B, Mortensen NJ, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) Collaboration (2009) A predictive model for local recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 96:280–290
Morino M, Allaix ME, Caldart M, Scozzari G, Arezzo A (2011) Risk factors for recurrence after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal malignant neoplasm. Surg Endosc 25:3683–3690
Lezoche E, Baldarelli M, Lezoche G, Paganini AM, Gesuita R, Guerrieri M (2012) Randomized clinical trial of endoluminal locoregional resection versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for T2 rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Br J Surg 99:1211–1218
Hall DJ, Farmer KC, Roth HS, Warrier SK (2014) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery colorectal anastomosis: a critical step to natural orifice colorectal surgery in humans. Dis Colon Rectum 57:549–552
Brozek JL, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, Lang D, Jaeschke R, Williams JW, Phillips B, Lelgemann M, Lethaby A, Bousquet J, Guyatt GH, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group (2009) Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. Part 1 of 3. An overview of the GRADE approach and grading quality of evidence about interventions. Allergy 64:669–677
Brożek JL, Akl EA, Compalati E, Kreis J, Terracciano L, Fiocchi A, Ueffing E, Andrews J, Alonso-Coello P, Meerpohl JJ, Lang DM, Jaeschke R, Williams JW Jr, Phillips B, Lethaby A, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, Helfand M, Watine J, Afilalo M, Welch V, Montedori A, Abraha I, Horvath AR, Bousquet J, Guyatt GH, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group (2011) Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. Part 3 of 3. The GRADE approach to developing recommendations. Allergy 66:588–595
Clancy C, Burke JP, Albert M, O’Connell PR, Winter D (2015) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus standard transanal excision for the removal of rectal neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 58:254–261
Langer C, Liersch T, Süss M, Siemer A, Markus P, Ghadimi BM, Füzesi L, Becker H (2003) Surgical cure for early rectal carcinoma and large adenoma: transanal endoscopic microsurgery (using ultrasound or electrosurgery) compared to conventional local and radical resection. Int J Colorectal Dis 18:222–229
Christoforidis D, Cho HM, Dixon MR, Mellgren AF, Madoff RD, Finne CO (2009) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus conventional transanal excision for patients with early rectal cancer. Ann Surg 249:776–782
Winde G, Nottberg H, Keller R, Scmid KW, Bünte H (1996) Surgical cure for early rectal carcinomas (T1). Transanal endoscopic microsurgery vs. anterior resection. Dis Colon Rectum 39:969–976
Heintz A, Mörschel M, Junginger T (1998) Comparison of results after transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical resection for T1 carcinoma of the rectum. Surg Endosc 12:1145–1148
Lee W, Lee D, Choi S, Chun H (2003) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical surgery for T1 and T2 rectal cancer. Surg Endosc 17:1283–1287
Ptok H, Marusch F, Meyer F, Koeckerling F, Gastinger I, Lippert H, Colon/Rectal Cancer (Primary Tumor) Study Group (2007) Oncological outcome of local vs radical resection of low-risk pT1 rectal cancer. Arch Surg 142:649–656
de Graaf EJ, Doornebosch PG, Tollenaar RA, Kranenbarg EM-K, de Boer AC, Bekkering FC, van de Velde CJ (2009) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus total mesorectal excision of T1 rectal adenocarcinomas with curative intention. Eur J Surg Oncol 35:1280–1285
Palma P, Horisberger K, Joos A, Rothenhoefer S, Willeke F, Post S (2009) Local excision of early rectal cancer: is transanal endoscopic microsurgery an alternative to radical surgery? Rev Esp Enferm Dig 101:172–178
Wu Y, Wu YY, Zhu BS, Zhao K, Yang XD, Xing CG (2011) TEM and conventional rectal surgery for T1 rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 58(106):364–368
Kidane B, Chadi SA, Kanters S, Colquhoun PH, Ott MC (2015) Local resection compared with radical resection in the treatment of T1N0M0 rectal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 58:122–140
Lu JY, Lin GL, Qiu HZ, Xiao Y, Wu B, Zhou JL (2015) Comparison of Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery and Total Mesorectal Excision in the treatment of T1 rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 10:e0141427. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141427
Hermanek P, Gall FP (1986) Early (microinvasive) colorectal carcinoma. Pathology, diagnosis, surgical treatment. Int J Colorectal Dis 1:79–84
Gavagan JA, Whiteford MH, Swanstrom LL (2004) Full-thickness intraperitoneal excision by transanal endoscopic microsurgery does not increase short-term complications. Am J Surg 187:630–634
Ramwell A, Evans J, Bignell M, Mathias J, Simson J (2009) The creation of a peritoneal defect in transanal endoscopic microsurgery does not increase complications. Colorectal Dis 11:964–966
Baatrup G, Borschitz T, Cunningham C, Qvist N (2009) Perforation into the peritoneal cavity during transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer is not associated with major complications or oncological compromise. Surg Endosc 23:2680–2683
Morino M, Allaix ME, Famiglietti F, Caldart M, Arezzo A (2013) Does peritoneal perforation affect short- and long-term outcomes after transanal endoscopic microsurgery? Surg Endosc 27:181–188
Eyvazzadeh DJ, Lee JT, Madoff RD, Mellgren AF, Finne CO (2014) Outcomes after transanal endoscopic microsurgery with intraperitoneal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 57:438–441
Marks JH, Frenkel JL, Greenleaf CE, D’Andrea AP (2014) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery with entrance into the peritoneal cavity: is it safe? Dis Colon Rectum 57:1176–1182
Salm R, Lampe H, Bustos A, Matern U (1994) Experience with TEM in Germany. Endosc Surg Allied Technol 2:251–254
Allaix ME, Rebecchi F, Giaccone C, Mistrangelo M, Morino M (2011) Long-term functional results and quality of life after transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Br J Surg 98:1635–1643
Doornebosch PG, Tollenaar RA, Gosselink MP, Stassen LP, Dijkhuis CM, Schouten WR, van de Velde CJ, de Graaf EJ (2007) Quality of life after transanal endoscopic microsurgery and total mesorectal excision in early rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 9:553–558
Lezoche E, Paganini AM, Fabiani B, Balla A, Vestri A, Pescatori L, Scoglio D, D’Ambrosio G, Lezoche G (2014) Quality-of-life impairment after endoluminal locoregional resection and laparoscopic total mesorectal excision. Surg Endosc 28:227–234
Yamamoto S, Watanabe M, Hasegawa H, Baba H, Yoshinare K, Shiraishi J, Kitajima M (2004) The risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 51:998–1000
Saraste D, Gunnarsson U, Janson M (2013) Predicting lymph node metastases in early rectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 49:1104–1108
Morino M, Risio M, Bach S, Beets-Tan R, Bujko K, Panis Y, Quirke P, Rembacken B, Rullier E, Saito Y, Young-Fadok T, Allaix ME (2015) Early rectal cancer: the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) clinical consensus conference. Surg Endosc 29:755–773
Marusch F, Ptok H, Sahm M, Schmidt U, Ridwelski K, Gastinger I, Lippert H (2011) Endorectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma—do the literature results really correspond to the realities of routine clinical care? Endoscopy 43:425–431
Ashraf S, Hompes R, Slater A, Lindsey I, Bach S, Mortensen NJ, Cunningham C, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) Collaboration (2012) A critical appraisal of endorectal ultrasound and transanal endoscopic microsurgery and decision-making in early rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 14:821–826
Puli SR, Bechtold ML, Reddy JB, Choudhary A, Antillon MR, Brugge WR (2009) How good is endoscopic ultrasound in differentiating various T stages of rectal cancer? Meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol 16:254–265
Baron PL, Enker WE, Zakowski MF, Urmacher C (1995) Immediate vs. salvage resection after local treatment for early rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 38:177–181
Hahnloser D, Wolff BG, Larson DW, Ping J, Nivatvongs S (2005) Immediate radical resection after local excision of rectal cancer: an oncologic compromise? Dis Colon Rectum 48:429–437
Borschitz T, Heintz A, Junginger T (2006) The influence of histopathologic criteria on the long-term prognosis of locally excised pT1 rectal carcinomas: results of local excision (transanal endoscopic microsurgery) and immediate reoperation. Dis Colon Rectum 49:1492–1506
Lee WY, Lee WS, Yun SH, Shin SH, Chun HK (2007) Decision for salvage treatment after transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Surg Endosc 21(6):975–979
Borschitz T, Heintz A, Junginger T (2007) Transanal endoscopic microsurgical excision of pT2 rectal cancer: results and possible indications. Dis Colon Rectum 50:292–301
Junginger T, Goenner U, Hitzler M, Trinh TT, Heintz A, Wollschlaeger D, Brettner M (2016) Long-term oncologic outcome after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 59:8–15
Levic K, Bulut O, Hesselfeldt P, Bülow S (2013) The outcome of rectal cancer after early salvage TME following TEM compared with primary TME: a case-matched study. Tech Coloproctol 17:397–403
Morino M, Allaix ME, Arolfo S, Arezzo A (2013) Previous transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer represents a risk factor for an increased abdominoperineal resection rate. Surg Endosc 27:3315–3321
Smart CJ, Cunningham C, Bach SP (2014) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Best Pract Res Clin Gastorenterol 28:143–157
O’Neill BD, Brown G, Heald RJ, Cunningham D, Tait DM (2007) Non-operative treatment after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. Lancet Oncol 8:625–633
Borschitz T, Wachtlin D, Möhler M, Schmidberger H, Junginger T (2008) Neoadjuvant chemoradiation and local excision for T2-3 rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 15:712–720
Smith FM, Chang KH, Sheahan K, Hyland J, O’Connell PR, Winter DC (2012) The surgical significance of residual mucosal abnormalities in rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Br J Surg 99:993–1001
Hiotis SP, Weber SM, Cohen AM, Minsky BD, Paty PB, Guillem JG, Wagman R, Saltz LB, Wong WD (2002) Assessing the predictive value of clinical complete response to neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: analysis of 488 patients. J Am Coll Surg 194:131–135
Glynne-Jones R, Hughes R (2012) Critical appraisal of the “wait and see” approach in rectal cancer for clinical complete responders after chemoradiation. Br J Surg 99:897–909
Martin ST, Heneghan HM, Winter DC (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes following pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 99:918–928
Garcia-Aguilar J, Shi Q, Thomas CR Jr, Chan E, Cataldo P, Marcet J, Medich D, Pigazzi A, Oommen S, Posner MC (2012) A Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and local excision for T2N0 rectal cancer: preliminary results of the ACOSOG Z6041 trial. Ann Surg Oncol 19:384–391
Bhangu A, Brown G, Nicholls RJ, Wong J, Darzi A, Tekkis P (2013) Survival outcome of local excision versus radical resection of colon or rectal carcinoma: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) population-based study. Ann Surg 258:563–569
Pucciarelli S, De Paoli A, Guerrieri M, La Torre G, Maretto I, De Marchi F, Mantello G, Gambacorta MA, Canzonieri V, Nitti D, Valentini V, Coco C (2013) Local excision after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer: results of a multicenter phase II clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 56:1349–1356
Shaikh I, Askari A, Ourû S, Warusavitarne J, Athanasiou T, Faiz O (2015) Oncological outcomes of local excision compared with radical surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 30:19–29
Allaix ME, Arezzo A, Giraudo G, Morino M (2012) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery vs. laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for T2N0 rectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 16:2280–2287
Sajid MS, Farag S, Leung P, Sains P, Miles WFA, Baig MK (2013) Systematic review and meta-analysis of published trials comparing the effectiveness of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and radical resection in the management of early rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 16:2–16
Marks JH, Valsdottir EB, DeNittis A, Yarandi SS, Newman DA, Nweze I, Mohiuddin M, Marks GJ (2009) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of rectal cancer: comparison of wound complication rates with and without neoadjuvant radiation therapy. Surg Endosc 23:1081–1087
Perez RO, Habr-Gama A, São Julião GP, Proscurshim I, Scanavini Neto A, Gama-Rodrigues J (2011) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for residual rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy is associated with significant immediate pain and hospital readmission rates. Dis Colon Rectum 54:545–551
Coco C, Rizzo G, Mattana C, Gambacorta MA, Verbo A, Barbaro B, Vecchio FM, Pafundi DP, Mastromarino MG, Valentini V (2013) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced extraperitoneal rectal cancer: short-term morbidity and functional outcome. Surg Endosc 27:2860–2867
Arezzo A, Arolfo S, Allaix ME, Munoz F, Cassoni P, Monagheddu C, Ricardi U, Ciccone G, Morino M (2015) Results of neoadjuvant short-course radiation therapy followed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery for T1-T2 N0 extraperitoneal rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 92:299–306
Gornicki A, Richter P, Polkowski W, Szczepkowski M, Pietrzak K, Kepka L, Rutkowski A, Bujko K (2014) Anorectal and sexual functions after preoperative radiotherapy and full-thickness local excision of rectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 40:723–730
Restivo A, Zorcolo L, D’Alia G, Cocco F, Cossu A, Scintu F, Casula G (2016) Risk of complications and long-term functional alterations after local excision of rectal tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Int J Colorectal Dis 31(2):257–266
Verseveld M, de Graaf EJ, Verhoef C, van Meerten E, Punt CJ, de Hingh IH, Nagtegaal ID, Nuyttens JJ, Marijnen CA, de Wilt JH, CARTS Study Group (2015) Chemoradiation therapy for rectal cancer in the distal rectum followed by organ-sparing transanal endoscopic microsurgery (CARTS study). Brit J Surg 102:853–860
TREC study. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN14422743?q=trec&filters=&sort=&offset=2&totalResults=5&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic-search. Accessed 25 Sep 2012
Serra-Aracil X, Mora-Lopez L, Alcantara-Moral M, Caro-Tarrago A, Navarro-Soto S (2014) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery with 3-D (TEM) or high-definition 2-D transanal endoscopic operation (TEO) for rectal tumors. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 29:605–610
Atallah S, Albert M, Larach S (2010) Transanal minimally invasive surgery: a giant leap forward. Surg Endosc 24:2200–2205
Martin-Perez B, Andrade-Ribeiro GD, Hunter L, Atallah S (2014) A systematic review of transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) from 2010 to 2013. Tech Coloproctol 18:775–788
Rimonda R, Arezzo A, Arolfo S, Salvai A, Morino M (2013) TransAnal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS) with SILS™ port versus Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM): a comparative experimental study. Surg Endosc 27:3762–3768
Albert M, Atallah S, deBeche-Adams TC, Izfar S, Larach SW (2013) Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) for local excision of benign neoplasms and early-stage rectal cancer: efficacy and outcomes in the first 50 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 56:301–307
Zerz A, Muller-Stich BP, Beck J, Linke GR, Tarantino I, Lange J (2006) Endoscopic posterior mesorectal resection after transanal local excision of T1 carcinomas of the lower third of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 49(6):919–924
Tarantino I, Hetzer FH, Warschkow R, Zünd M, Stein HJ, Zerz A (2008) Local excision and endoscopic posterior mesorectal resection versus low anterior resection in T1 rectal cancer. Br J Surg 95(3):375–380
Walega P, Kenig J, Richter P (2014) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery combined with endoscopic posterior mesorectum resection in the treatment of patients with T1 rectal cancer—3-year results. Wideochir Inne Tech Malo Inwazyjne 9:40–45
van der Pas MH, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS, Riphagen II, de Vet HC, Knol DL, van Grieken NC, Meijerink WJ (2011) Sentinel-lymph-node procedure in colon and rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 12:540–550
Lezoche E, Fabiani B, D’Ambrosio G, Ursi P, Balla A, Lezoche G, Monteleone F, Paganini AM (2013) Nucleotide-guided mesorectal excision combined with endoluminal locoregional resection by transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal tumors: technique and preliminary results. Surg Endosc 27:4136–4141
Arezzo A, Arolfo S, Mistrangelo M, Mussa B, Cassoni P, Morino M (2014) Transrectal sentinel lymph node biopsy for early rectal cancer during transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Minim Invasive Ther Appl Technol 23:17–20
Ghadimi BM, Grade M, Liersch T, Langer C, Siemer A, Füzesi L, Becker H (2003) Gain of chromosome 8q23-24 is a predictive marker for lymph node positivity in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9:1808–1814
Chen Z, Liu Z, Deng X, Warden C, Li W, Garcia-Aguilar J (2012) Chromosomal copy number alterations are associated with persistent lymph node metastasis after chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 55:677–685
Sylla P, Rattner DW, Delgado S, Lacy AM (2010) NOTES transanal rectal cancer resection using transanal endoscopic microsurgery and laparoscopic assistance. Surg Endosc 24:1205–1210
Leroy J, Barry BD, Melani A, Mutter D, Marescaux J (2013) No-scar transanal total mesorectal excision: the last step to pure NOTES for colorectal surgery. JAMA Surg 148:226–230
Velthuis S, van den Boezem PB, van der Peet DL, Cuesta MA, Sietses C (2013) Feasibility study of transanal total mesorectal excision. Br J Surg 100:828–831
Araujo SE, Crawshaw B, Mendes CR, Delaney CP (2015) Transanal total mesorectal excision: a systematic review of experimental and clinical evidence. Tech Coloproctol 19:69–82
Fernández-Hevia M, Delgado S, Castells A, Tasende M, Momblan D, Díaz Del Gobbo G, DeLacy B, Balust J, Lacy AM (2015) Transanal total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer: short-term outcomes in comparison with laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg 261:221–227
Velthuis S, Nieuwenhuis DH, Ruijter TE, Cuesta MA, Bonjer HJ, Sietses C (2014) Transanal versus traditional laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal carcinoma. Surg Endosc 28:3494–3499
Hompes R, Rauh SM, Ris F, Tuynman JB, Mortensen NJ (2014) Robotic transanal minimally invasive surgery for local excision of rectal neoplasms. Br J Surg 101:578–581
Gómez Ruiz M, Parra IM, Palazuelos CM, Martín JA, Fernández CC, Diego JC, Fleitas MG (2015) Robotic-assisted laparoscopic transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a prospective pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum 58:145–153
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Disclosures
Marco E. Allaix, Alberto Arezzo, and Mario Morino have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Allaix, M.E., Arezzo, A. & Morino, M. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer: T1 and beyond? An evidence-based review. Surg Endosc 30, 4841–4852 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-4818-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-4818-9