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Pre-existing ground cracks as lava flow pathways at Kīlauea in 2014

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Abstract

In 2014, the Pāhoa lava flow at Kīlauea, on the Island of Hawaiʻi (USA), entered a string of pre-existing meter-width ground cracks in the volcano’s East Rift Zone. The ground cracks transported lava below the surface in a direction discordant to the slope of the landscape. The cracks, which were 100s of meters long and 10s to 100s of meters deep, also widened by up to several meters as they filled, probably in part at the expense of adjacent cracks, which likely closed. Widening of the cracks caused shallow crustal blocks on the volcano’s flank to shift—this deformation was captured by a nearby GPS station and a borehole tiltmeter. The GPS station moved away from the cracks in response, while the tiltmeter showed tilting toward the cracks, consistent with opening. Noting that the lava-filled cracks act as top-fed dikes, we adapt existing theory for the thermo-rheological evolution of dikes to analyze transport of lava captured by ground cracks and propose mechanisms for the exit of the lava back to the surface. This study shows that ground cracks as narrow as 50 cm wide can facilitate the transport of advancing lava flows and can carry lava in directions that differ from those expected based on surface topography, invalidating flow path projections based on the assumption of subaerial flow.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the staff and volunteers of the U.S. Geological Survey who assisted with collecting the myriad observations that helped us understand the evolution of the 2014 Pāhoa lava flow. David Okita of Volcano Helicopters provided expert piloting, which facilitated unparalleled access to eruptive activity at Kīlauea. D. Hyman, H. Murcia, and E. Rumpf provided insightful reviews that greatly improved the manuscript. EWL acknowledges support via Royal Society International Exchanges grant IE130961 and via NSFGEO-NERC grant NE/T009594/1.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alaska Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA

    Tim R. Orr

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Science Labs, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    Edward W. Llewellin

  3. U.S. Geological Survey, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA

    Kyle R. Anderson

  4. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA

    Matthew R. Patrick

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  1. Tim R. Orr
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design, material preparation, data collection, and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by TRO and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Tim R. Orr.

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Editorial responsibility: C. Solana

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Orr, T.R., Llewellin, E.W., Anderson, K.R. et al. Pre-existing ground cracks as lava flow pathways at Kīlauea in 2014. Bull Volcanol 86, 41 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01725-9

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