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Timescales and mechanisms of paroxysm initiation at Stromboli volcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy

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Abstract

New textural and petrological data are presented on products from five paroxysms at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy) including the two from 2019 and three historical (1930, undated, sixteenth century) eruptions. The data are used to constrain timescales associated with the initiation of paroxysms and to examine current models for their triggering. Samples were collected from the deposits and a subset selected for mineral separation and petrological and textural characterization. Minerals and glass were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical composition and zonation were analysed by electron microprobe. Trace elements in olivine were also determined. Vesicle number densities, vesicularities and vesicle diameters were measured by X-ray microCT techniques. The data were systematically compared with results of experiments simulating, on the one hand, ascent, vesiculation, degassing and crystallization of LP (low-porphyricity) magma and, on the other hand, interaction between LP and HP (high-porphyricity) magma. Paroxysm samples are mixed and include portions representative of both LP and HP magma. They host in variable proportions minerals and glass texturally and compositionally typical of these two magma types. Small but systematic variations in matrix glass compositions are found between each of the five eruptions considered. All samples host a population of vesicles ranging from < 15 to > 1000 μm in diameter and whose size distributions follow mixed exponential to power law distributions. Vesicularities are high (75% on average) and vesicle number densities range from 102-103 to 103-104 mm-3. Using experimental calibrations, the vesicle textural data suggest average LP magma ascent rates of 1–2 m/s (i.e. ~1.5 hours from depths between 7 and 1.5 km). The correlation between ascent rate and textures demonstrates systematic variations between eruptions, the most energetic (i.e. that of 1930) being associated with the highest ascent rate (~2 m/s). Widths of plagioclase reaction zones indicate that LP and HP magmas interacted for a maximum a few hours before eruption. Olivine reaction also implies durations of a few hours for LP-HP interaction and is followed by crystallization for 20 hours in the HP magma. Our results stress the fast ascent of LP magma from their storage region and their short residence times at shallow levels before being erupted. They clarify the respective roles of the deep and shallow feeding systems. An integrated phenomenological model for paroxysm initiation at Stromboli is outlined.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Labex Voltaire (ANR-10-LABX-100-01), by INGV Progetti Ricerca Libera (timescale of magma transfer within the Stromboli plumbing system) and by the “DisEqm” (quantifying disequilibrium processes in basaltic volcanism) and “Shedding new light on volcanoes: real-time synchrotron X-ray tomography of magmatic phenomena” projects funded by NERC (NE/N018575/1 and NE/M013561/1). Discussions with S. Rotolo helped to design the interaction experiments. E. Deloule is acknowledged for assistance with the SIMS analyses, F. Iacoviello and S. Shah for the tomographic image acquisition and S. Janiec and P. Benoist for the sample preparation. We also acknowledge the use of the X-ray μCT facilities and support provided by Peter D. Lee. The manuscript benefited from stimulating reviews by C. Firth and M. Polacci and editorial advice and suggestions by S. Vergniolle. A. Harris made useful suggestions and recommendations that led to improving the final version.

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  1. Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans (ISTO), UMR 7327 UO/CNRS/BRGM, 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France

    Michel Pichavant & Ida Di Carlo

  2. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Pisa Via Cesare Battisti, 53–56125, Pisa, Italy

    Massimo Pompilio

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK

    Nolwenn Le Gall

  4. Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OX11 0FA, UK

    Nolwenn Le Gall

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  1. Michel Pichavant
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Correspondence to Michel Pichavant.

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Editorial responsibility: S. Vergniolle

This paper constitutes part of a topical collection: Open-vent volcanoes

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Pichavant, M., Di Carlo, I., Pompilio, M. et al. Timescales and mechanisms of paroxysm initiation at Stromboli volcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Bull Volcanol 84, 36 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01545-9

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