Selective activations and functional connectivities to the sight of faces, scenes, body parts and tools in visual and non-visual cortical regions leading to the human hippocampus

Connectivity maps are now available for the 360 cortical regions in the Human Connectome Project Multimodal Parcellation atlas. Here we add function to these maps by measuring selective fMRI activations and functional connectivity increases to stationary visual stimuli of faces, scenes, body parts and tools from 956 HCP participants. Faces activate regions in the ventrolateral visual cortical stream (FFC), in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) visual stream for face and head motion; and inferior parietal visual (PGi) and somatosensory (PF) regions. Scenes activate ventromedial visual stream VMV and PHA regions in the parahippocampal scene area; medial (7m) and lateral parietal (PGp) regions; and the reward-related medial orbitofrontal cortex. Body parts activate the inferior temporal cortex object regions (TE1p, TE2p); but also visual motion regions (MT, MST, FST); and the inferior parietal visual (PGi, PGs) and somatosensory (PF) regions; and the unpleasant-related lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Tools activate an intermediate ventral stream area (VMV3, VVC, PHA3); visual motion regions (FST); somatosensory (1, 2); and auditory (A4, A5) cortical regions. The findings add function to cortical connectivity maps; and show how stationary visual stimuli activate other cortical regions related to their associations, including visual motion, somatosensory, auditory, semantic, and orbitofrontal cortex value-related, regions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00429-024-02811-6.

Table S1.Regions defined in the modified Human Connectome Project atlas (Glasser et al. 2016).L=left hemisphere, R=right.The column 'Reordered region ID' is that used in Figs.4-7, and is a reordering of that based on suggestions in the Supplementary Information of Glasser et al (2016).In that Supplementary Information of that paper, the 360 regions are grouped and ordered based on geographic proximity and functional similarities as shown in column 'Original ID.The regions were reordered and reorganized by Dr Dianne Patterson of the University of Arizona at and https://neuroimaging-coredocs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/pages/atlases.html with the HCP-MMP_UniqueRegionList.csv, and are shown in the column labelled CortexID in Table S1 which is the order used in HCPex atlas (Huang, Rolls, Feng and Lin 2022) and in this paper.The volumes are in mm 3 .This modified HCPex atlas with the reordering is described elsewhere (Huang, Rolls, Feng and Lin 2022).All the analyses described in this paper were performed for the surface-based HCP-MMP registration..    (Glasser, et al., 2016), and in its extended version HCPex (Huang, et al., 2022).The regions are shown on images of the human brain in inflated form with the sulci expanded sufficiently to allow the regions within the sulci to be shown.The abbreviations for each cortical region are provided in Table S1.Fig. S2A.Brain regions in the right hemisphere exhibiting significant differences in the average BOLD signal for the four 0-back working memory conditions compared to the mean of these conditions, after Bonferroni correction (α=0.05).Panels (A) and (C) show the top 30% of cortical regions with significant differences for the 0-back faces and 0-back body parts conditions contrasted with the mean of the four conditions, respectively.Panels (B) and (D) display all the brain regions with significant differences for the 0-back places and 0-back tools conditions compared to the mean of these four conditions, respectively.Fig. S2B.Brain regions in the right hemisphere exhibiting significant differences in the average BOLD signal for the four 0-back working memory conditions compared to the mean of these conditions, after Bonferroni correction (α=0.05).This is the same as Fig. S2A, except that all significant activations are included in (A) and (C).(SelectiveActivationsAllRight_label.eps)Fig. S3A.The top 50% of cortical regions exhibiting significant differences in the average BOLD signal between the initial 15 timepoints and the last 20 timepoints (when the BOLD signal response to the visual stimuli was occurring) of the mean across four 0-back working memory conditions after Bonferroni correction (α=0.05).Panels (A) and (B) depict brain regions with significant differences in the left and right hemispheres, respectively.The effect size as indicated by Cohen's d is shown.S1, with V1, V2, V3 … at the top of the y axis and the left of the x axis.The upper triangle matrix shows the Cohen's d values of positively significant links after Bonferroni correction (α=0.001).These results were from 956 participants in the HCP dataset.All the values shown in the matrix were limited to the range from -0.6 to 0.6.The covariates regressed out in this analysis were sex, age, drinker status, smoking status, education qualification and head motion.Fig. S9 The lower left triangle shows the matrix of functional connectivity differences between the initial 15 timepoints and the last 20 timepoints (when the BOLD signal was responding to the visual stimuli) of the mean across four 0-back working memory conditions with the Cohen's d values showing the effect size of the differences.The matrix is for the functional connectivities in the Right hemisphere, as listed in Table S1, with V1, V2, V3 … at the top of the y axis and the left of the x axis.The upper triangle matrix shows the Cohen's d values of positively significant links after Bonferroni correction (α=0.001).These results were from 956 participants in the HCP dataset.All the values shown in the matrix were limited to the range from -0.6 to 0.6.The covariates regressed out in this analysis were sex, age, drinker status, smoking status, education qualification and head motion.
Table S2 The top 20 significant regions in the left hemisphere that were more positively activated by each of the four stimulus types (faces, paces, body parts, and tools) contrasted with the mean of the four stimulus types after Bonferroni correction (α=0.05) in the 0back condition.All p values are significant after Bonferroni correction apart from those shown in red font.The covariates stated in the text were removed from these analyses.These conventions apply to all the following Tables.0-back faces vs. mean of the four 0-back stimuli 0-back places vs. mean of the four 0back stimuli

Region
Cohen

Fig. S1 .
Fig. S1.Parcellation of the human cortex in the HCP-MMP atlas(Glasser, et al., 2016), and in its extended version HCPex(Huang, et al., 2022).The regions are shown on images of the human brain in inflated form with the sulci expanded sufficiently to allow the regions within the sulci to be shown.The abbreviations for each cortical region are provided in TableS1.

Fig. S3B .
Fig. S3B.The timecourse of the BOLD signal in runs of the 0-back task for different cortical regions and averaged across the four stimulus types of faces, places, body parts, and tools.The cue for the start of a run starts in timebin 1, and the first visual stimulus in the run starts after 2.5 s at timebin 4. (selected_regions_timecourse.eps)

Fig. S5 .
Fig. S5.The lower left triangle shows the matrix of functional connectivity differences between 0-back places (in fact scenes) and the mean of all 0-back conditions processing in Working memory with the Cohen's d values showing the effect size of the differences.The matrix is for the functional connectivities in the Right hemisphere, as listed in TableS1, with V1, V2, V3 … at the top of the y axis and the left of the x axis.The upper triangle matrix shows the Cohen's d values of positively significant links after FDR correction (α=0.05).These results were from 956 participants in the HCP dataset.All the values shown in the matrix were limited to the range from -0.6 to 0.6.The covariates regressed out in this analysis were sex, age, drinker status, smoking status, education qualification and head motion.

Fig. S6 .
Fig. S6.The lower left triangle shows the matrix of functional connectivity differences between 0-back body parts and the mean of all 0-back conditions processing in Working memory with the Cohen's d values showing the effect size of the differences.The matrix is for the functional connectivities in the Right hemisphere, as listed in TableS1, with V1, V2, V3 … at the top of the y axis and the left of the x axis.The upper triangle matrix shows the Cohen's d values of positively significant links after FDR correction (α=0.05).These results were from 956 participants in the HCP dataset.All the values shown in the matrix were limited to the range from -0.5 to 0.5.The covariates regressed out in this analysis were sex, age, drinker status, smoking status, education qualification and head motion.

Fig. S7 .
Fig. S7.The lower left triangle shows the matrix of functional connectivity differences between 0-back tools and the mean of all 0-back conditions processing in Working memory with the Cohen's d values showing the effect size of the differences.The matrix is for the functional connectivities in the Right hemisphere, as listed in Table S1, with V1, V2, V3 … at the top of the y axis and the left of the x axis.The upper triangle matrix shows the Cohen's d values of positively significant links after FDR correction (α=0.05).These results were from 956 participants in the HCP dataset.All the values shown in the matrix were limited to the range from -0.4 to 0.4.The covariates regressed out in this analysis were sex, age, drinker status, smoking status, education qualification and head motion.

Fig
Fig.S8The lower left triangle shows the matrix of functional connectivity differences between the initial 15 timepoints and the last 20 timepoints (when the BOLD signal was responding to the visual stimuli) of the mean across four 0-back working memory conditions and with the Cohen's d values showing the effect size of the differences.The matrix is for the functional connectivities in the Left hemisphere, as listed in TableS1, with V1, V2, V3 … at the top of the Glasser et al (2016)the order in HCPex based on the HCP-MMP1_UniqueRegionList.csv, as described in the Methods, of the 360 cortical regions originally defined byGlasser et al (2016).The names of the cortical divisions shown in column 4 come from the same .csvfile.The sixth column shows the original order used byGlasser et al (2016).Abbreviations: L=left hemisphere,

Table S4 .
TableS3The activations of the memory-related regions in the left hemisphere for each of the four stimuli faces, places, body parts, and tools contrasted with the mean of the The top 20 significant regions in the right hemisphere that were more positively activated by each of the four stimulus types (faces, paces, body parts, and tools) contrasted with the mean of the four stimulus types after Bonferroni correction (α=0.05) in the 0- TableS6The top 20 significant regions in the left hemisphere that were more positively activated by the visual stimuli in the 2-back contrasted with the 0-back task after the