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Novel type II cell wall architecture in dichlobenil-habituated maize calluses

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Abstract

Growth of maize (Zea mays L.) callus-culture cells was inhibited using dichlobenil (2,6 dichlorobenzonitrile, DCB) concentrations ≥1 μM; I 50 value for the effect on inhibited fresh weight gain was 1.5 μM. By increasing the DCB concentration in the culture medium, DCB-habituated cells became 13 times more tolerant of the inhibitor (I 50: 20 μM). In comparison with non-habituated calluses, DCB-habituated calluses grew slower, were less friable and were formed by irregularly shaped cells surrounded by a thicker cell wall. By using an extensive array of techniques, changes in type II cell wall composition and structure associated with DCB habituation were studied. Walls from DCB-habituated cells showed a reduction of up to 75% in cellulose content, which was compensated for by a net increase in arabinoxylan content. Arabinoxylans also showed a reduction in their extractability and a marked increase in their relative molecular mass. DCB habituation also involved a shift from ferulate to coumarate-rich cells walls, and enrichment in cell wall esterified hydroxycinnamates and dehydroferulates. The content of polymers such as mixed-glucan, xyloglucan, mannans, pectins or proteins did not vary or was reduced. These results prove that the architecture of type II cell walls is able to compensate for deficiencies in cellulose content with a more extensive and phenolic cross-linked network of arabinoxylans, without necessitating β-glucan or other polymer enhancement. As a consequence of this modified architecture, walls from DCB-habituated cells showed a reduction in their swelling capacity and an increase both in pore size and in resistance to polysaccharide hydrolytic enzymes.

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Abbreviations

AIR:

Alcohol insoluble residue

AGPs:

Arabinogalactan proteins

AX:

Arabinoxylan

CDTA:

50 mM cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid sodium salt

DCB:

2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile or dichlobenil

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

GAX:

Glucuronoarabinoxylan

Hx :

Dichlobenil-habituated calluses growing in x (μM) DCB

IDA:

Immunodot assay

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

MPBS:

PBS containing 4% fat-free milk powder

M w :

Average molecular weight

NH:

Non-habituated calluses

PBS:

0.1 M phosphate buffer saline

PCA:

Principal component analysis

Rha:

Rhamnose

snCR:

Supernatant-cellulose residue

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from Junta de Castilla y León (LE 048A07), University of León (ULE-2006-2) and Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (CGL2008-02470/BOS), and a PhD grant from the FPU program of the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry to H.M.M. We are grateful to Dr. Paul Knox for his kind gifts of LM10, LM11 and LM12 antibodies, to Dr. Stephen C. Fry for his kind provision of maize cell cultures and to Denise Phelps for English language correction.

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  1. Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de CC., Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain

    Hugo Mélida, Penélope García-Angulo, Ana Alonso-Simón, Antonio Encina, Jesús Álvarez & José Luis Acebes

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  1. Hugo Mélida
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  2. Penélope García-Angulo
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  3. Ana Alonso-Simón
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  4. Antonio Encina
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  5. Jesús Álvarez
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  6. José Luis Acebes
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Correspondence to José Luis Acebes.

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Mélida, H., García-Angulo, P., Alonso-Simón, A. et al. Novel type II cell wall architecture in dichlobenil-habituated maize calluses. Planta 229, 617–631 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-008-0860-8

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